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Questions and Answers
Gun control refers to the policies that federal and state governments implement to limit access to __________ in the U.S.
Gun control refers to the policies that federal and state governments implement to limit access to __________ in the U.S.
firearms
Supporters of more gun control blame a lack of it for the nation’s high __________ and murder rates.
Supporters of more gun control blame a lack of it for the nation’s high __________ and murder rates.
homicide
Opponents of gun control argue __________ Amendment rights.
Opponents of gun control argue __________ Amendment rights.
Second
Regulating gun ownership can include measures such as __________ checks.
Regulating gun ownership can include measures such as __________ checks.
Gun control policy is a significant topic in U.S. __________.
Gun control policy is a significant topic in U.S. __________.
The Brady Bill requires a person wishing to purchase a gun to complete an ______.
The Brady Bill requires a person wishing to purchase a gun to complete an ______.
A person may be deemed 'mentally defective' if they are deemed a danger to themselves or ______.
A person may be deemed 'mentally defective' if they are deemed a danger to themselves or ______.
A person lacking the mental capacity to manage their own ______ may be classified as 'mentally defective'.
A person lacking the mental capacity to manage their own ______ may be classified as 'mentally defective'.
A person who has been found ______ or incompetent by a court may be denied gun ownership.
A person who has been found ______ or incompetent by a court may be denied gun ownership.
Background checks are upheld by the ______ Court.
Background checks are upheld by the ______ Court.
Discretion is the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal ______.
Discretion is the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal ______.
Discretion can sometimes be used in ______ ways.
Discretion can sometimes be used in ______ ways.
Ideally, actors in the criminal justice system will make moral choices based on societal ______.
Ideally, actors in the criminal justice system will make moral choices based on societal ______.
Ethics are moral principles that govern a person’s perception of right and ______.
Ethics are moral principles that govern a person’s perception of right and ______.
The Crime Control Model emphasizes punishing and repressing criminal ______.
The Crime Control Model emphasizes punishing and repressing criminal ______.
The Crime Control Model advocates for a quick and ______ system.
The Crime Control Model advocates for a quick and ______ system.
The Crime Control Model places few ______ on the ability of law enforcement to use discretion.
The Crime Control Model places few ______ on the ability of law enforcement to use discretion.
According to the Crime Control Model, law enforcement's ability to apprehend criminals should not be overly ______.
According to the Crime Control Model, law enforcement's ability to apprehend criminals should not be overly ______.
The federal law enforcement agency known as the ______ investigates federal crimes.
The federal law enforcement agency known as the ______ investigates federal crimes.
The Department of ______ Security oversees various federal law enforcement agencies.
The Department of ______ Security oversees various federal law enforcement agencies.
The United States has a ______ court system that includes both federal and state courts.
The United States has a ______ court system that includes both federal and state courts.
The ______ is responsible for determining the innocence or guilt of criminal suspects.
The ______ is responsible for determining the innocence or guilt of criminal suspects.
The ______ and defense attorneys work alongside the judge in a criminal court.
The ______ and defense attorneys work alongside the judge in a criminal court.
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and ______ is one of the federal law enforcement agencies.
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and ______ is one of the federal law enforcement agencies.
The criminal court's work group includes judges, prosecutors, and defense ______.
The criminal court's work group includes judges, prosecutors, and defense ______.
The courts in the United States include one federal court and ______ state court systems.
The courts in the United States include one federal court and ______ state court systems.
The ______ Model assumes that as a society is formed, its members will come to an agreement about shared norms and values.
The ______ Model assumes that as a society is formed, its members will come to an agreement about shared norms and values.
In the Consensus Model, crimes are viewed as acts that violate this shared ______ system.
In the Consensus Model, crimes are viewed as acts that violate this shared ______ system.
The ______ Model suggests that in large, diverse societies, people may not share beliefs about controversial issues.
The ______ Model suggests that in large, diverse societies, people may not share beliefs about controversial issues.
According to the Conflict Model, the most ______ powerful members of society have the most influence on criminal law.
According to the Conflict Model, the most ______ powerful members of society have the most influence on criminal law.
What is deemed ______ activity is determined by whichever group happens to be holding power at any given time.
What is deemed ______ activity is determined by whichever group happens to be holding power at any given time.
The Consensus Model proposes that as societal norms and values about ______ change, laws will also change.
The Consensus Model proposes that as societal norms and values about ______ change, laws will also change.
The ______ Model views crimes through the lens of shared societal agreements, while the Conflict Model does not.
The ______ Model views crimes through the lens of shared societal agreements, while the Conflict Model does not.
In the Conflict Model, the value system imposed on the community reflects the interests of the ______ group.
In the Conflict Model, the value system imposed on the community reflects the interests of the ______ group.
The structure of the criminal justice system includes corrections, probation, incarceration, community-based corrections, and ______.
The structure of the criminal justice system includes corrections, probation, incarceration, community-based corrections, and ______.
The formal criminal justice process functions like an ______.
The formal criminal justice process functions like an ______.
The informal criminal justice process relies on the use of ______ to manage cases outside formal procedures.
The informal criminal justice process relies on the use of ______ to manage cases outside formal procedures.
In the criminal justice process, the sequence typically involves arrest, trial, and ______.
In the criminal justice process, the sequence typically involves arrest, trial, and ______.
Corrections in the criminal justice system include various forms of punishment and rehabilitation for ______.
Corrections in the criminal justice system include various forms of punishment and rehabilitation for ______.
Community-based corrections aim to reintegrate individuals into society and prevent ______ after their release.
Community-based corrections aim to reintegrate individuals into society and prevent ______ after their release.
The criminal justice process can be divided into two main categories: formal and ______.
The criminal justice process can be divided into two main categories: formal and ______.
Incarceration is a form of punishment that involves the confinement of individuals in a ______.
Incarceration is a form of punishment that involves the confinement of individuals in a ______.
Flashcards
Consensus Model
Consensus Model
A model that assumes a shared set of norms and values in a society. Crimes are defined as acts that violate these shared values and harm the society.
Conflict Model
Conflict Model
This model suggests that laws reflect the values of the most powerful groups in society. Criminal activity is defined based on the values of those in power.
Crime
Crime
An act that violates a criminal law and is subject to legal punishment.
Federal Law Enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement
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Department of Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
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Secret Service
Secret Service
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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
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Dual Court System
Dual Court System
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Criminal Courts
Criminal Courts
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Gun Control Policy
Gun Control Policy
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Supporters of Gun Control
Supporters of Gun Control
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Opponents of Gun Control
Opponents of Gun Control
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Background Checks
Background Checks
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Criminal Justice System (Corrections)
Criminal Justice System (Corrections)
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Probation
Probation
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Incarceration
Incarceration
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Community-based Corrections
Community-based Corrections
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Parole
Parole
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Criminal Justice Process
Criminal Justice Process
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Formal Criminal Justice Process
Formal Criminal Justice Process
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Informal Criminal Justice Process
Informal Criminal Justice Process
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Discretion
Discretion
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Ethics
Ethics
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model
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Brady Bill
Brady Bill
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Mentally Defective
Mentally Defective
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Court Finding of Mental Deficiency
Court Finding of Mental Deficiency
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Supreme Court & Background Checks
Supreme Court & Background Checks
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Mental Health & Gun Ownership
Mental Health & Gun Ownership
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Criminal Justice in Action
- This chapter introduces the concept of criminal justice and its different models.
What is Crime? - The Consensus Model
- Assumes society agrees on norms and values.
- Crimes violate shared norms and values.
- Laws change as societal norms change.
What is Crime? - The Conflict Model
- In diverse societies, beliefs differ on controversial issues.
- Powerful members have more influence on laws.
- Criminal activity is determined by those in power.
What is Crime? - Integrated Definition
- An action punishable under criminal law.
- Considered an offense against society.
- Prosecuted by public officials.
- Punishable with sanctions that involve freedom or life.
The Five Categories of Criminal Behavior
- Violent crime: Crimes against people (murder, assault, robbery, etc.)
- Property crime: Crimes for economic gain (theft, burglary, arson, etc.)
- Public order crime: "Victimless" crimes (public drunkenness, prostitution).
- White-collar crime: Crimes for business or personal gain (fraud, embezzlement).
- Cyber crime: Computer-related crimes (hacking, identity theft).
The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System
- Maintain justice.
- Protect society from future crimes.
- Determine when an offense took place and what punishment is needed.
- Rehabilitate offenders to make them safe for reentry into society.
- Support crime victims.
The Three Levels of Law Enforcement
- Figures are provided showing the division of law enforcement between federal, state, and local governments in terms of personnel.
The Structure of the Criminal Justice System (Law Enforcement)
- Local: City police, county sheriffs.
- State: State police, highway patrols, other state agencies.
- Federal: Department of Homeland Security, FBI, Secret Service, DEA, ATF.
The Structure of the Criminal Justice System (The Courts)
- The United States has a dual court system (federal and state).
- Comprised of varying numbers of courts at each level.
- Includes judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys.
- Their roles are in determining innocence or guilt.
The Structure of the Criminal Justice System (Corrections)
- Corrections: Probation, incarceration, community-based corrections, parole.
The Criminal Justice Process
- The formal criminal justice process functions in an assembly-line fashion.
- Arrest -> trial -> sentencing.
- The informal process uses discretion to adjust the rigidity of statutes and rights.
Discretion and Ethics
- Discretion: the ability of individuals to make decisions based on their personal judgment.
- This ability is sometimes used in biased ways.
- Ideally, choices should be ethical and follow societal norms.
Criminal Justice Today - The Crime Control Model
- Focuses on punishing and repressing criminal conduct.
- Emphasizes quick, efficient systems with minimal restrictions on the actions of law enforcement.
Criminal Justice Today - The Due Process Model
- Prioritizes protecting the rights of the accused.
- Uses formal legal restraints for police, courts, and corrections.
- Aim is to make proving guilt difficult.
Criminal Justice Today - Smarter Policing
- Proactive policing for minor offenses prevents more serious crimes.
- DNA profiling, and biometrics to help identify criminals.
Criminal Justice Today - Continuing Challenges
- Street gangs: Most gang-related homicides are not crime-related, stemming from arguments.
- Gun use and crime: US has high gun ownership, contributing to problems.
- Issues of race and trust: Racial tension and disparities in the criminal justice system are persistent.
- Illegal drugs: Continuing concerns about drug use and crimes that are related.
Criminal Justice Today - Gun Control Policy
- Refers to policies by federal and state governments regarding firearm ownership.
- Controversial.
- Many opinions on regulation and policy.
- States have varying rules and laws.
Criminal Justice Today - Changing Landscape of Policing
- Police brutality has resulted in increased scrutiny.
- Public videos in investigations.
- Increased tensions between police and community.
Criminal Justice Today - Prison Population Trends
- "De-incarceration" movement: Reducing prison populations using various methods.
- Declining use of the death penalty.
- Spending on corrections.
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