Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of tactical intelligence in the context of criminal investigations?
What is the primary focus of tactical intelligence in the context of criminal investigations?
Which component of crime analysis focuses on long-term problems that may require intervention from stakeholders like city councils?
Which component of crime analysis focuses on long-term problems that may require intervention from stakeholders like city councils?
In the integration of criminal intelligence and crime analysis, what is a key benefit mentioned?
In the integration of criminal intelligence and crime analysis, what is a key benefit mentioned?
What does the SARA process stand for in the context of crime problem-solving?
What does the SARA process stand for in the context of crime problem-solving?
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Which of the following best describes operational intelligence?
Which of the following best describes operational intelligence?
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What is the primary benefit of integrating crime analysis with criminal intelligence?
What is the primary benefit of integrating crime analysis with criminal intelligence?
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Which analytical technique focuses on assessing the relative threat of criminal organizations?
Which analytical technique focuses on assessing the relative threat of criminal organizations?
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What is the goal of structured analytical techniques (SATs) in intelligence analysis?
What is the goal of structured analytical techniques (SATs) in intelligence analysis?
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What is the purpose of the '6-3-5' method in brainstorming?
What is the purpose of the '6-3-5' method in brainstorming?
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Which statement accurately describes 'abductive reasoning' in intelligence analysis?
Which statement accurately describes 'abductive reasoning' in intelligence analysis?
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What is one critical factor that can contribute to wrongful convictions according to Borchard's findings?
What is one critical factor that can contribute to wrongful convictions according to Borchard's findings?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the recommendations for intelligence-led policing?
Which of the following is NOT part of the recommendations for intelligence-led policing?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of a criminal prosecution according to the text?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of a criminal prosecution according to the text?
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In Jerry H. Ratcliffe's overview of intelligence-led policing, which element involves working with local partnerships?
In Jerry H. Ratcliffe's overview of intelligence-led policing, which element involves working with local partnerships?
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What does the 'tunnel vision' phenomenon in criminal prosecution primarily result from?
What does the 'tunnel vision' phenomenon in criminal prosecution primarily result from?
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What is a primary benefit of the integrated analysis model in law enforcement?
What is a primary benefit of the integrated analysis model in law enforcement?
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Which factor contributes to the separation of roles between intelligence officers and crime analysts?
Which factor contributes to the separation of roles between intelligence officers and crime analysts?
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What hinders the effectiveness of integrated analysis efforts according to the content?
What hinders the effectiveness of integrated analysis efforts according to the content?
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On which level does the integrated analysis model primarily focus on actionable intelligence to aid law enforcement operations?
On which level does the integrated analysis model primarily focus on actionable intelligence to aid law enforcement operations?
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What is a key characteristic of the information gathered by crime analysts compared to that collected by intelligence officers?
What is a key characteristic of the information gathered by crime analysts compared to that collected by intelligence officers?
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Study Notes
Integrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis
- Crime analysis provides the "what" perspective of the criminal environment, while Criminal intelligence provides the "why" perspective.
- By integrating these analysis methods, executives can understand the big picture of criminality and have wider enforcement options.
Avoiding Heuristics and Biases
- Structured Analytical Techniques (SATs) are rule-based processes to minimize bias and encourage structured thinking in intelligence analysis.
- Methods include: Dumping, Role-playing, 6-3-5 method, and Starbursting.
- Diagnosticitiy is the process of determining which evidence is most helpful in judging the likelihood of a hypothesis being true.
- Abductive reasoning is choosing the best hypothesis based on incomplete observations.
Tactical vs Operational vs Strategic Intelligence
- Tactical: Used for micro-level scenarios, supports front-line officers in taking case-specific actions.
- Operational: Used at the organizational level, guides foresight decision-making, and helps determine the most appropriate use of resources.
- Strategic: Used by executives, aims to provide insight into patterns of criminal behavior and the functioning of the criminal environment. It is future-oriented and aims to influence long-term organizational objectives.
What is Crime Analysis?
- Crime analysis has a tactical, operational, and strategic component.
- Tactical focuses on immediate issues, operational identifies priority areas, and strategic looks at longer-term problems.
- Problem analysis uses formal criminal justice theory, research methods, and comprehensive data collection to examine and respond to crime and disorder problems.
- Problem solving is often articulated through the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) process.
The Need for an Integrated Analysis Model
- An integrated model of criminal intelligence information and problem analysis is essential to uncover crimes linked to organized groups.
- By integrating intelligence and crime analysis, police agencies can gain a more complete picture of the criminal environment.
- Existing separation between intelligence and crime analysts creates information silos.
Reasons for Separation
- Security clearance: the level of information intelligence officers have access to may be classified.
- Sworn Oath: Intelligence officers are legally obligated to be secretive.
- Dissemination: Crime analysis is often disseminated broadly, while criminal intelligence is often shared within a single unit.
What is an Integrated Analysis Model?
- The model aims to integrate crime information with criminal intelligence to provide a complete picture of the criminal environment.
- Data from both crime analysis and criminal intelligence feed into a central pool, providing a comprehensive view of criminal activity.
Benefits of an Integrated Model
- Ending segregation of data.
- Increased enforcement options.
- Long-term benefits from merging databases, software, and resources.
- More fluid response to crime.
- Increased opportunities for better coordination with outside agencies.
Hindrances To Integrated Analysis
- Some intelligence analysts believe crime analysts are not competent enough to work with them.
- Different missions between intelligence units and crime analysis units.
- Terminology confusion.
- Case-by-case thinking.
- Legal constraints.
- Technology constraints.
Jumpstarting Integrated Analysis
- Become Intelligence-Led
- Police chiefs should work closely with analysts to foster better relationships.
- Articulate the analytical vision within the police department.
- Create integrated reporting mechanisms.
- Develop informal information exchange mechanisms.
- Disseminate useful analysis to decision-makers.
Checklist for Executives
- Know what intelligence-led really means.
- Invest in training to understand intelligence-led policing.
- Co-locate analysts and intelligence officers close to your office.
- Meet with analysts and intelligence staff together.
- Work with analysts to articulate a vision for analysis in the department.
- Send the signal that these functions are important.
- Become more focused on repeat offenders and persistent problems.
- Invest in joint training opportunities for intelligence officers and crime analysts.
- Educate all officers about the importance of building trust with the community and using the information learned from those relationships.
Checklist for Analysts
- Build connections with decision-makers and other analysts.
- Help decision-makers understand the big picture and develop more strategic products.
- Learn about problem-oriented policing and apply this approach to solve long-term problems.
- Organize cross-training so that analysts can appreciate the work of intelligence officers and vice versa.
- Share intelligence for the common good.
- Work to integrate databases and avoid duplication of effort.
Jerry's Top Ten Crime Mapping Tips
- Include a scale bar.
- Include a north arrow.
- Use simple and clear titles.
- Use color carefully.
- Understand your data and its limitations.
- Use thematic mapping cautiously.
- Legends are essential.
- Caveats mean you are not lying.
- Limit the information you show.
- Check map appearance in grayscale.
Miscarriages of Justice
- Key factors contributing to wrongful convictions include tunnel vision, mistaken eyewitness identification and testimony, false confessions, in-custody informers, DNA evidence, forensic evidence, and expert testimony.
- The purpose of a criminal prosecution is not to obtain a conviction, but to lay before a jury what the Crown (prosecution) considers to be credible evidence relevant to the alleged crime.
Intelligence-Led Policing
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The four elements concentrate on:
- Targeting offenders (especially active criminals through overt and covert means).
- Management of crime and disorder hotspots.
- Investigation of linked series of crimes and incidents.
- Application of preventative measures, including working with local partnerships to reduce crime and disorder.
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The model requires:
- Interpreting the criminal environment.
- Identifying and influencing decision-makers.
- Decision-makers having the enthusiasm and skills to explore ways to reduce crime and impact the criminal environment.
Defining Intelligence
- Intelligence is defined as the processing of all relevant information relating to client needs, with immediate or potential significance for decision-making.
- Intelligence is a continuous cycle involving tasks, data collection, collation, analysis, dissemination, and feedback.
Problem-Oriented Policing and SARA
- Problem-oriented policing and SARA utilize intelligence to target specific issues, like individuals, criminal groups, or crime hotspots.
- This approach breaks down problems into manageable units, using a case management orientation similar to that found in other professions.
Tactical Analysis
- Tactical analysts focus on shorter-term trends, using data spanning 24 hours to three months.
- Pattern analysis involves collating data based on similarities and commonalities, aiming to connect crimes based on shared characteristics.
- Clearance rate, a measure of crime-solving success, is calculated by dividing the number of cleared cases by the total number of cases.
- MO summaries, a form of pattern analysis, are created by synthesizing crime narratives from sources like police reports, tips, and social media.
Types of Crime Patterns
- Series: A group of similar crimes believed to be committed by the same individual or group.
- Spree: A cluster of crimes committed over a short period, often involving violence.
- Hot Prey: Crimes targeting victims who share traits and behaviors, such as gang-related killings.
- Hot Product: Crimes focused on stealing a specific type of property, like espionage.
- Hot Place: Crimes committed by one or more individuals in the same location.
Analyzing Crime Frequency
- Tactical analysts focus on short-term trends (24 hours to 3 months), while strategic analysts examine long-term trends (3 months to longer).
- Frequency distribution: Analyzing how often values in a dataset occur within predetermined categories.
- Converting frequency data into percentages helps identify hotspots and common denominators.
- Crosstabulation displays relationships between variables, revealing patterns when crimes are grouped by week and month.
Weighted Time Span Analysis
- Examines the frequency of crime over time, considering seasonal variations and how factors like weather, school attendance, and work schedules influence crime rates.
Trend Comparisons
- Comparing crime trends across various categories, jurisdictions, or other suitable measures can provide context and significance.
- Temporal Intervals: Examining the time between crimes can reveal accelerating (decreasing intervals), decelerating (increasing intervals), constant, or random patterns.
- Tempogram: A graphical display representing the temporal intervals between crime events.
Environmental Criminology
- Focuses on understanding why crime occurs in specific situations, not just why individuals commit crimes.
- It investigates the role of environmental factors in creating opportunities for crime.
- The "crime triangle" includes a target/victim, an offender, and a place.
Routine Activities Theory
- Proposes that crime occurs when potential offenders, potential victims/targets, and suitable opportunities converge.
- Offenders often commit crimes within their familiar activity spaces.
- The Pareto principle suggests that a small number of places account for a large proportion of crime events.
- The law of crime concentration states that a small percentage of locations contribute significantly to crime events.
Repeat Victimization
- True-repeats: The same target is victimized multiple times by the same type of crime.
- Chronic-repeats: The same target experiences different types of crimes.
- Near-repeats: Targets in close proximity, sharing characteristics with the original target, are victimized.
- Virtual-repeats: Targets closely resembling the original target are victimized.
Intelligence-Led Policing
- Emphasizes proactive measures to combat serious crime by prioritizing offenders, crime groups, and threats.
- The intelligence community uses PESTLE (political, economic, social, technological, legal, environmental) to analyze socioeconomic factors.
HUMINT (Human Intelligence)
- Information gathered from suspects, informants, and witnesses.
- Intelligence officers and source handlers play a crucial role in collecting, vetting, and documenting HUMINT.
Integrated Model
- Aggregates large datasets by combining individual-level data to create comprehensive intelligence.
Crime Pattern Theory
- Incorporates the representativeness heuristic, where judgments are based on perceived similarities to known groups or events.
- The clustering illusion refers to the tendency to see patterns in random data.
- Dirty data refers to incomplete, inaccurate, and subjective information within large datasets.
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
- Refers to the tendency of individuals to rely heavily on initial information, neglecting subsequent information in their decision-making processes.
Integrated Analysis
- Aims to avoid siloing information by combining insights from various sources to create a comprehensive understanding.
Alternative Competing Hypothesis
- Encourages the consideration of alternative explanations to prevent confirmation bias.
- Involves actively seeking evidence that contradicts previous beliefs and adjusting hypotheses based on evidence disproving previous findings.
Crime Analyst Objectives & Role
- Gather and analyze crime statistics.
- Identify crime trends.
- Prepare reports and briefing notes.
- Produce awareness bulletins.
- Communicate findings to relevant parties.
- Develop crime maps to visualize hotspots and crime patterns.
- Extract and prepare data from records management systems.
Canadian Criminal Intelligence Organizations
- The Canadian Intelligence Service Agency (CISA) operates under the RCMP and provides intelligence products and services to law enforcement.
- FINTRAC requires reporting of transactions exceeding $10,000 or any suspicious transactions.
- The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA) defines controlled substances and precursors.
- Key legal precedents, such as R v Stinchcombe and R v McNeil, guide disclosure practices in criminal proceedings.
Warrants and Authorizations
- Warrants and authorizations are required for lawful surveillance and data collection, except in urgent situations.
- To obtain a warrant, "reasonable suspicion" and "reasonable grounds to believe" must be demonstrated.
- Part VI authorizations enable law enforcement to intercept real-time private communications.
National Criminal Databases
- The Canadian Criminal Real Time Identification Services (CCRTIS) maintains a national repository of fingerprints and criminal record information.
- The "Third-Party Rule" restricts sharing or disclosure of documents without the author's consent.
Crime Data Collection Systems
- The Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) is a standardized crime data collection system administered by Statistics Canada, providing historical crime trends.
Social Network Analysis (SNA)
- SNA is used to determine the centrality of network entities, identifying key individuals or groups for targeting.
- Types of connections in SNA include business, kinship, social, and criminal ties.
- Degree centrality: Measures direct connections.
- Closeness centrality: Measures direct and indirect connections.
- Betweenness centrality: Assesses an entity's position as an intermediary within the network.
Intelligence Analysis Levels
- Tactical intelligence analysis: Short-term focus on targeting specific individuals or groups in ongoing investigations.
- Operational intelligence analysis: Medium-term focus on comparing threat levels between individuals or groups.
- Strategic intelligence analysis: Long-term focus on assessing how social, political, and economic factors influence the behaviour of individuals or groups.
IMINT (Imagery Intelligence)
- Information gathered from optical means, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, and infrared sensors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intersections of criminal intelligence and crime analysis, including key concepts like the SARA process and the benefits of their integration. This quiz covers various analytical techniques and reasoning methods used in intelligence analysis. Perfect for students or professionals in criminal justice or law enforcement.
