Crime Theories: Integrated Approaches Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary focus of control theories in criminology?

  • Social control and relationships with authority figures (correct)
  • The effects of media on criminal behavior
  • The role of socioeconomic status in crime rates
  • Individual psychology and self-control

Which statement best describes the basis of labeling theories?

  • They argue that crime is purely a consequence of environmental factors.
  • They focus on the role of socioeconomic status as the main predictor of crime.
  • They suggest that labeling individuals leads them to adopt those labels in identity formation. (correct)
  • They view all criminal behavior as a learned response to societal expectations.

According to learning theories, how is crime understood?

  • As a learned behavior influenced by social rewards and punishments. (correct)
  • As primarily a result of low self-control.
  • As a phenomenon solely attributable to economic disadvantage.
  • As a natural occurrence in a status-seeking society.

What does control theory primarily aim to study?

<p>The relationship between socialization agents and crime prevention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of strain suggest as a solution to goal blockages?

<p>Reduce aspirations or increase opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of conflict theories in sociology?

<p>The competition between interest groups and their struggles for power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do radical theories view crime in society?

<p>As a reflection of class struggles created by economic disparities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concern of left realism in criminology?

<p>The victimization of the working class by its peers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of post-modern criminology?

<p>How stereotypical concepts shape our understanding of crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does peace-making criminology argue is the key to reducing crime?

<p>Development of supportive community networks and spiritual renewal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feminist criminology identifies which factor as a primary cause of crime?

<p>Patriarchy or male domination in society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential to understanding criminal justice, according to the content?

<p>Comprehending the nature of crime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what decade did left realism emerge as a significant development in criminology?

<p>1980s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'meta-theoretical issues' refer to in criminology?

<p>Assumptions about human nature and causation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of most failed policies in criminal justice?

<p>Misinterpretation or ignorance of criminological theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to radical theories, what is considered essential for forming a new socialist society and addressing crime?

<p>The practice of informed action based on theoretical knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replacement does post-modern criminology advocate for existing legal systems?

<p>Informal social controls and community involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the consensus versus conflict debate in criminology?

<p>There are differing views on societal agreement and conflict criminality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did postmodernism reject as part of its foundational beliefs in the 1960s?

<p>Scientific rationality as the sole path to knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do most criminologists define crime today?

<p>In legalistic terms rather than moralistic ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does post-modern criminology suggest about feelings of disconnection and dehumanization in relation to crime?

<p>They are crucial factors in the development of criminal acts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason some individuals may persist in criminal behavior despite various interventions?

<p>They may have underlying addiction issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the range of criminality?

<p>A person involved in online piracy and digital fraud. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nature-nurture relationship impact criminal behavior?

<p>Combination of genetics and surrounding influences shapes behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally happens to the seriousness of an individual's criminal involvement over time?

<p>It usually escalates in severity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the life-course considerations in criminal behavior?

<p>Early criminal engagement is linked to longer criminal careers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least connected to the concept of behavior persistence in criminality?

<p>Proactive law enforcement strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about personal approaches to criminal behavior?

<p>They offer complete explanations for life-course involvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best demonstrates multiple types of criminal behavior?

<p>A trader manipulates the stock market while also committing tax fraud. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the trajectory of crime imply for individuals involved in criminal activities?

<p>It becomes more serious over time for most individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Conflict Theories

Society is shaped by conflicts between groups with opposing interests (e.g., rich vs. poor, men vs. women).

Radical Theories

Critiques capitalist society, highlighting stark inequalities and exploitation. Crime is seen as a product of class struggle.

Left Realism

Explains why working-class individuals often victimize each other. Supports police intervention while advocating for non-intrusive policing.

Peace-Making Criminology

Argues that 'war on crime' strategies are counterproductive. Promotes building caring communities and achieving inner peace to address crime.

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Feminist Criminology

Explains crime through the lens of patriarchy (male dominance) and its impact on women.

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Praxis

Informed action based on theoretical understanding.

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Patriarchy

Male domination and control over society, seen as a key driver of crime in feminist criminology.

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Behaviour Persistence

Some individuals continue engaging in criminal behavior despite warnings, punishments, and attempts to correct them.

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Range of Criminality

Many individuals participate in multiple types of criminal activities.

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Nature-Nurture Relationship

A person's predisposition to crime can be influenced by both their inherent traits and their environment.

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Trajectory of Crime Seriousness

Criminal behavior often becomes more severe over time, even with interventions.

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Life-Course Criminality

An individual's personal characteristics alone cannot fully explain their involvement in crime throughout their life.

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Early Involvement in Crime

The younger a person starts engaging in criminal activity, the more likely they are to continue a life of crime.

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What is a psychopath?

An individual with a personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, remorse, and guilt. They often exhibit manipulative behavior and disregard for rules and social norms.

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What is a sociopath?

Similar to a psychopath, a sociopath lacks empathy and has difficulty conforming to social norms. They often exhibit impulsive behavior and disregard for consequences.

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What is the difference between a Psychopath and a Sociopath?

While both lack empathy and disregard social norms, psychopaths are typically more calculated and manipulative, while sociopaths are more impulsive and struggle with social skills.

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Postmodern criminology

A criminological approach that emerged in the 1990s, emphasizing the limitations of traditional thinking and how social disconnect contributes to crime. It advocates for alternative legal systems based on informal social control.

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Assumptions in criminological theory

Underlying beliefs about human nature, social structures, and the causes of crime that form the basis of a criminological theory.

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Meta-theoretical issues

Debates about fundamental concepts within criminology, such as free will versus determinism or consensus versus conflict.

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Criminological theory and policy

The relationship between criminological knowledge and criminal justice policies, where theories provide a basis for understanding and addressing crime.

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Failed policies in criminal justice

Policies that have not been effective in reducing crime, often due to misinterpretations, partial implementation, or ignorance of criminological theory.

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Legalistic definition of crime

Defining crime based on specific acts prohibited by law, rather than moral or social judgments.

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Informal social controls

Mechanisms of social regulation that operate outside formal legal systems, such as community norms and group sanctions.

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Feminist perspective in criminology

A criminological approach that emphasizes the experiences and perspectives of women, often highlighting gender-based inequalities in the criminal justice system.

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Stereotypical words, thoughts, and conceptions

Prejudiced generalizations about individuals or groups that can influence our understanding of crime and the justice system.

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Strain Theory

This theory suggests that crime arises when individuals feel strain between their aspirations (like wealth or status) and the limited opportunities available to achieve them.

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What does Strain Theory suggest about crime?

Strain Theory proposes that crime is a result of the pressure people face when their goals are blocked, leading them to find alternative ways to achieve success, even if those ways are illegal.

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Differential Association Theory

This theory explains that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who engage in criminal activities.

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Control Theory

Control theory focuses on the social bonds that prevent individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. These bonds include connections to family, friends, and institutions.

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Labelling Theory

This theory argues that crime is not solely determined by an individual's actions but also by how society defines and reacts to those actions.

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Study Notes

Crime Theories: Personal & Integrated Approaches

  • Crime theories aim to explain criminal behavior.
  • Personal approaches focus on individual factors like personality, mental illness, or choices in explaining criminal behavior.
  • Integrated approaches combine multiple perspectives (biological, psychological, social, economic, etc.) to create a comprehensive explanation.
  • Criminal behavior isn't always indicative of mental illness, but personal approaches focus on individual explanations or theories.
  • Integrated approaches often examine a combination of factors influencing criminal behavior.

Major Perspectives on Crime

  • Classical/Choice: Crime is a result of free will and personal choice. Punishment is a deterrent.
  • Biological/Psychological: Inner factors like genes, neurology, personality, or intelligence influence crime.
  • Structural/Ecological: Neighborhood conditions, culture, and norms contribute to crime rates.
  • Process: Socialization, upbringing, and interactions with peers and authority figures influence behavior.
  • Conflict: Competition for resources and power, class conflict, and societal inequalities lead to crime.
  • Developmental: A multitude of factors including individual characteristics, social factors, economic issues and political factors contribute to crime.

Biochemistry

  • Biochemistry, or biological/constitutional/anthropological criminology, studies the biological structure of criminal behavior and body morphology
  • Cesare Lombroso was an early proponent, seeing crime as stemming from biological inferiority.
  • Modern biocriminology recognizes that biological traits can potentially predispose someone to crime.

Psychological Criminology

  • Psychological criminology looks at criminal behavior through personality traits (impulsivity) and disorders (psychopathy, sociopathy)
  • Some psychological theories explain crime through differing intelligence levels.

Ecological Criminology

  • Ecological criminology links crime to societal environments, often using the Chicago School model.
  • Focuses on the relationships between individuals and their environments.
  • Explains the role of neighborhood conditions and social factors in crime.

Strain Theory

  • Strain theory, or anomie theory, posits that crime is a response to societal expectations and the frustrations of unachievable goals.
  • Disparities in opportunities cause strain, as people try to achieve "American Dream" goals.

Learning Theories

  • Learning theories emphasize the role of learning and social interactions in shaping criminal behavior, using differential association theory.
  • Focuses on how behaviors and attitudes are learned.

Control Theories

  • Crime is explained by the lack of external or internal controls preventing criminal conduct.
  • Focuses on social bonds and relationships to explain why people do not commit crimes.

Labeling Theories

  • Focuses on the negative labeling of individuals that may influence criminal behavior if a person identifies as such.
  • Crimes are often seen as those labeled as such, or through the eyes of the label.

Conflict Theories

  • Conflict theory views crime as arising from power struggles and competing interests between groups (e.g., rich vs. poor, management vs. labor).

Radical Theories

  • Capitalist systems and inequalities lead to crime, stemming from economic and political issues.
  • Criminals are seen as reflecting societal class struggles or inequalities.

Left Realism

  • Explores crime within a working class context.
  • Crime is linked to the struggles within working class communities, and policies aim to improve the lives of those communities.

Peace-Making Criminology

  • Focuses on the idea that crime can be eliminated through conflict resolution and rehabilitation.
  • Supports the creation of peace-oriented environments and approaches to crime.

Feminist Criminology

  • Criminological theory from a gender perspective.
  • Crime is frequently seen through the patriarchal lens.
  • Examines gender differences in crime, and how crime may affect different genders or vary based on gender.

Postmodern Criminology

  • Examines the role of social structures and other aspects in crime.
  • Critiques scientific rationality in understanding crime.
  • Focuses on informal social controls and the idea that current legal systems may harm individuals within communities.

Integrated Approaches

  • Look at the complex and multifaceted interactions between different factors and societal environments.
  • Integrated theories blend different concepts to gain more profound understanding of behaviors that result in crime.

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Crime Theories: Personal & Integrated Approaches PDF

Description

Explore the various theories explaining criminal behavior, focusing on personal and integrated approaches. This quiz dives into classical, biological, psychological, and ecological perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of crime. Test your knowledge on how different factors influence criminal actions.

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