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<p>Working-class victims (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young households (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reflect a widely representative sample across demographics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear of crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear of crime affects people's daily lives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Police officers receive extensive training ensuring consistent recording. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An accurate representation of social facts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are likely to have experienced no crimes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reflect only high-profile crimes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all crimes are reported to the police. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a reflection of consensus and public will. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insurance claims frequently require police reports. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Court and prison records. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not capture unreported crimes accurately. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working class background (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are a social construction influenced by societal factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Victims tend to be young and male. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capturing incidents of unreported crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant decline in overall crime rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 in 5 crimes reported to police are not recorded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral panics can lead to increased reporting of certain crimes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are selectively enforced to protect the bourgeoisie. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reflect broader societal stereotypes and biases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fail to explain why certain crimes occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To capture the experiences of crime victims. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic minorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methods that emphasize qualitative victim experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In-depth qualitative data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce generalisability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the most valuable due to larger samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of different data sources is encouraged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide evidence against the typical delinquent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14-25 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are useful for targeting the underclass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They ignore the crimes of the powerful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>44% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having a stable home environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1:5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand criminal behavior among young people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children from single-parent families have the highest criminality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boys are twice as likely to commit crimes as girls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide a definitive measure of crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impulsivity and high criminality are positively correlated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Official crime statistics (OCS) are a primary source of information about crime, including police records and data from surveys like the Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW).

Victim surveys (VS) gather information directly from individuals about their experiences of crime, providing valuable insights into the extent and nature of crime. Examples include the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW).

Self-report studies are surveys that ask individuals to disclose their own criminal behavior, often anonymously, offering a glimpse into the dark figure of crime.

The dark figure of crime refers to the vast amount of crime that goes unreported and undetected by official statistics.

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) is a large-scale survey that collects data on crime experiences from a representative sample of the English and Welsh population.

The social distribution of crime and victimisation explores the patterns of crime and victimization across different social groups, including class, gender, ethnicity, and age.

The social construction of crime argues that official crime statistics are a reflection of how crime is defined and measured, rather than a true representation of reality. Our understanding of crime is shaped by social factors.

Reliability refers to the consistency and dependability of crime measures, while validity addresses the accuracy and truthfulness of the information collected.

A belief that the police are biased, focusing more on certain groups (like working class or minorities) than others, making statistics unreliable.

A situation where police stereotypes about criminals lead them to target specific groups, making the statistics reflect those groups more than reality.

Surveys that ask people whether they have been victims of crime, providing a different perspective on crime rates compared to official police records.

The idea that official crime statistics are influenced by changes in public awareness, media coverage, and law definitions, making direct comparisons over time difficult.

One of the main criticisms of official crime statistics is that they only show the 'what', not the 'why'.

A set of values and behaviours within policing that can lead to bias and influence the way police interact with certain groups.

The ability of the police to reach all members of society, meaning that they can gather information from individuals from different backgrounds and demographics.

The consistency and reliability of crime data, ensuring that crimes are recorded and categorized in a similar manner across different police forces.

How accurately crime statistics reflect the true picture of crime. For example, some crimes are more likely to be reported than others (e.g., insurance claims).

Representativeness refers to how well a sample reflects the characteristics of the larger population it's meant to represent. In crime surveys, representativeness ensures that the findings are reflective of the overall crime trends within a society.

Generalisability refers to the ability of research findings from a specific sample to be applied to the larger population. In crime research, generalisability helps us extend our findings to understand crime patterns in a wider context.

Victim surveys are a research method used to gather information directly from individuals about their experiences of crime, particularly those crimes that may not be reported to the police. They offer a complementary perspective to official crime statistics.

The "dark figure of crime" refers to the amount of criminal activity that goes unreported and undetected by official statistics. Victim surveys can help shed light on this hidden crime by capturing experiences that may not be officially recorded.

Left Realism is a criminological perspective that focuses on the social inequalities and marginalization of working-class communities, particularly in urban areas. Left Realists emphasize the impact of crime on the lives of ordinary people, especially vulnerable groups.

The Islington Crime Survey was a significant study conducted in 1986 and 1990 in the Islington borough of London. It focused on the impact of crime on local residents, particularly the fear of crime and the experiences of vulnerable groups.

Fear of crime is a pervasive concern among many people, especially those living in areas with high crime rates. It refers to the anxiety and apprehension caused by the perceived risk of becoming a victim of crime.

A virtual curfew occurs when people restrict their movements and activities due to fear of crime, effectively limiting their freedom and autonomy. It's a significant outcome influenced by perceived crime risks.

A study that collects data on crime experiences from a large sample of the population.

A type of research that asks people about their own criminal activity, often anonymously.

A theory that suggests police officers may be more likely to stop and search people from certain ethnic backgrounds.

The idea that police officers may treat female offenders more leniently than male offenders.

A long-term study that follows a group of people over time to see how their behavior changes.

A significant difference in reported crime rates between men and women.

The theory that crime rates are higher among people from lower social classes.

A study that investigates the connection between characteristics like impulsivity and criminal behavior.

The extent to which the results of a study can be applied to a wider population.

A limitation of victim surveys where a sample size too small to accurately represent the overall population.

The belief that society works on a common set of values and the police act in everyone's best interest.

Surveys where individuals anonymously disclose their own criminal behavior, offering insights into unreported crimes.

A method of measuring crime by asking people about their own criminal activities using anonymous questionnaires.

A study that investigated 2,400 people aged 14-25, asking about their involvement in 23 different offenses.