Crime and Society: Bullying and Cyberbullying

A crime involving the physical harm or threat of harm to another person.

The act of taking a human life, either legally or illegally.

Criminal killing; a criminal act causing the death of another person.

Death caused by someone but not in a criminal way.

Premeditated and deliberate killing.

Killing with malice aforethought but not premeditated or deliberate.

Unlawful killing without malice aforethought.

Killing of a newborn within a few weeks after its birth.

Killing of multiple people in a single event.

Killing of multiple people over an extended period of time.

Any sexual act without consent.

Violent crime motivated by bias.

The study of victims of crime.

Proposes that crime occurs when there's a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.

The idea that bullying occurs when a motivated bully (offender) finds a vulnerable target (suitable target) and lacks a strong guardian (capable guardian).

Cyberbullying is a form of bullying that takes place online, and the concept of 'capable guardian' is crucial for deterrence.

The RCMP suggests strategies to prevent cyberbullying, such as reporting online abuse and promoting online safety.

Victimology is the study of victims and aims to understand victimization and develop strategies to reduce it.

Victims of crime experience material loss, physical harm, and emotional distress.

Violent crime involves physical force or the threat of force against another person.

Culpable homicide is criminal, while non-culpable homicide is not.

Culpable homicide includes various degrees of murder and manslaughter, categorized by intent and circumstances.

The frequency and patterns of homicide, including changes over time, provide insights into societal dynamics.

Mass murder involves multiple deaths in a single incident, while serial murder involves multiple deaths over a longer duration.

This profiling tool categorizes serial killers into four types based on their motives and behaviors: Visionary, Mission-Oriented, Hedonistic, and Power/Control Oriented.

Sexual assault is often viewed as a form of gendered violence, reflecting power imbalances and societal norms.

Sexual assaults are often underreported due to fear, shame, and lack of confidence in the justice system.

Hate crime is driven by prejudice and discrimination against a victim based on their social identity.

Hate crimes can be motivated by thrill-seeking, reaction to perceived threat, or a sense of mission.

Motivated by excitement and a desire to dominate, a person commits acts of violence against a specific group.

Motivated by a perceived attack or threat from the targeted group, a person acts out of anger or fear.

Motivated by an ideology or belief system that justifies violence against specific groups, a person acts to advance a mission.

Changes to the legal framework aim to address ongoing issues and ensure better protection of society.

Education and community initiatives aim to raise awareness about crime and empower individuals to prevent or respond to crime.

Agencies and programs provide assistance to victims of crime, offering counseling, advocacy, and resources.

Victims may be reluctant to report crime due to concerns that the police will not take their case seriously.

A victim might perceive their own experience as less significant or not worth reporting to the authorities.

In this context, the motivated offender is someone who is willing to commit crime, generally due to personal factors like desire, need or opportunity.

The suitable target refers to someone or something that is vulnerable and easily exploited by the offender.

This refers to anything or anyone that can deter the offender, such as physical presence, security measures or societal regulations.

The presence of a capable guardian can make an offender reconsider engaging in criminal activity as it lowers their chances of being successful.

A period in history (c. 1700-1789) marked by a strong emphasis on reason and logical thinking, leading to skepticism towards traditional beliefs and authority.

This period (1789-1848) witnessed widespread political upheaval and wars in Europe and the Americas, leading to the rise of modern nation-states, which required healthy citizens and soldiers.

This period (c. 1750-1850) saw rapid industrialization, urbanization, and new technologies, leading to health issues related to factory work, city life, and poverty.

This view, held by philosophers like Hobbes and Descartes, saw the human body as a machine, with functions governed by physical processes and laws.

A belief that a ‘soul-like’ force animates the body, guiding its functions beyond purely physical processes.

They believed that a fully formed miniature human (homunculus) existed within sperm or egg, and only grew larger during development, with only the male contributing vital parts.

They believed that the fetus developed progressively during pregnancy, not that a miniature human was present from the start.

By the early 19th century, Paris became a hub for clinical practice, boasting a large hospital system, medical schools, and a focus on scientific observation, anatomy, and measurement.

These are identifiable changes in organs or tissues that are key to understanding the underlying cause of disease.

The study of diseases by linking observed lesions in the body (pathology) with their anatomical structures.

This refers to doctors shifting from only relying on patient descriptions to actively observing and measuring disease to make a diagnosis.

Invented by Laennec in 1816, this tool allowed doctors to hear the sounds of the heart and lungs, bringing a new level of objectivity to diagnosis.

This describes Laennec's inspiration for creating the stethoscope, triggered by the idea of using a rolled-up paper to amplify sounds from the chest.

The stethoscope changed medical practice by allowing doctors to bypass patient descriptions, gain anatomical details, and unify disease understanding.

This refers to the use of quantitative methods in medicine, enabled by the high number of patients in Paris hospitals, which allowed for statistical analysis of disease trends.

Louis pioneered the use of controlled studies to test treatments, famously showing that bloodletting was ineffective for pneumonia.

This view, based on scientific evidence, argued that medicine often had little impact on curing diseases.

Graduates from Parisian medical schools spread their knowledge of the stethoscope and scientific methods to other countries, revolutionizing medical practice.

The laboratory, with its controlled environment, became increasingly important for scientific research in medicine, replacing the hospital as a site of discovery.

The study of tissues at the microscopic level, made possible by improvements in the microscope.

By the mid-1800s, Germany became a leader in microscopy, due to quality equipment and researchers like Henle and Kölliker.

Henle emphasized the importance of microscopic observation for understanding both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the body, using it as a tool for students.

Kölliker applied cell theory to explain embryonic development, highlighting the crucial role of microscopic anatomy for understanding organs and systems.

This case, involving a gunshot wound with a persistent hole in the stomach, allowed for direct observation of digestion and the development of a book on the process.

The desire to quantify physiological functions, coupled with the growing rejection of vitalism, led to the development of new measurement devices and a focus on purely material processes.

This theory, initially developed in botany, posits that cells are the fundamental unit of all living organisms, revolutionizing biology and medicine.

Virchow challenged the idea of spontaneous generation, arguing that all cells arise from pre-existing cells through division. This contributed to the understanding of inheritance.

This describes the effort to apply scientific methods to all aspects of medicine, incorporating new measurement devices and techniques.

This refers to the merging of the hospital with laboratory practices, combining the clinical setting with controlled research, creating a dynamic environment for medical advancement.