CRIM250W Exam 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The time between the pretest and the posttest is very short, then the ______

maturation effect is less likely to occur

What is the difference between randomization and random sampling?

Randomization means randomly assigning people into two or more groups, random sampling meaning choosing a sample from a population in a random way.

The classical experimental design contains all EXCEPT which of the following?

Control group

Posttest

At least one independent variable

At least two different independent variables (correct)

What kind of design is being used when new parents take a poison knowledge test after attending a training session?

One-group pretest-posttest control group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST suited to providing clear evidence about a causal relationship between two variables?

One-shot case study Signup and view all the answers

The Solomon four-group design combines which two other designs?

Classical experimental and two-group posttest only Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven parts of an experiment?

Treatment or Independent variable, Dependent variable, Pretest, Posttest, Experimental group, Control group, Random assignment Signup and view all the answers

What experimental design did Henrietta use for a radio commercial?

One-shot case study Signup and view all the answers

What problem with internal validity might threaten Timothy's ability to trust his experimental results?

Selection bias Signup and view all the answers

In what part of the experiment does George measure the level of his dependent variable after introducing the independent variable?

Posttest Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of small favors illustrate in a field observation?

The use of small favors Signup and view all the answers

Why are interviews important in field research?

They can reveal personal backgrounds of interests to the interviewee to build trust and rapport. Signup and view all the answers

Field research is usually conducted by a researcher alone or in a small team.

True Signup and view all the answers

Why do researchers use unstructured or intensive interviews in field research?

To gain an in-depth understanding of respondent views and beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in Step 2 of conducting a field research study?

Choose a site and gain access. Signup and view all the answers

What does Step 3 in conducting a field research study entail?

Apply strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What is included in Step 4 of conducting a field research study?

Gather and record data. Signup and view all the answers

What are similarities to field research?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How does one acquire foundation knowledge for research?

By taking courses, reading textbooks, and analyzing quantitative data. Signup and view all the answers

What are primary sources?

Letters, diaries, newspapers, movies, and photos from those who lived during the time. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary sources?

Writings from specialist historians who have examined primary sources. Signup and view all the answers

What are running records?

Files or existing statistical documents maintained by organizations. Signup and view all the answers

What are recollections in research?

Words or writings by individuals about their past experiences based on memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is random assignment?

A valid comparison depends on comparing items that are fundamentally alike. Signup and view all the answers

What does a within-participants experiment involve?

Comparing the same person over multiple points in time. Signup and view all the answers

What does within-groups comparison mean?

Comparing one group at two or more times. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between between-groups comparison?

Comparing two different groups who have and have not had treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Which components are part of the experiment?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment or independent variable?

The situation you create or manipulate in the experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable (outcome)?

The physical conditions, social behaviors, attitudes, feelings, beliefs of participants that may change due to treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pretest measure?

Measurement of DV before treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the posttest measure?

Measurement of DV after treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the experimental group?

Group that receives the treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the control group?

Group that does not receive treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in conducting an experiment?

Decide on and narrow a topic, develop a hypothesis with variables, plan a specific experimental design, pilot-test the experiment, locate and assign participants, measure the DV in posttest, debrief participants. Signup and view all the answers

What is a one-shot case study design?

One group, treatment, post-test - no control. Signup and view all the answers

What is a one-group pretest-posttest design?

One group, pretest, treatment, posttest - no control. Signup and view all the answers

What does the static group comparison design involve?

Two groups, a posttest, and a treatment - no random assignment or pretest. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Solomon four-group design?

Experimental design in which the experimental and control groups are studied with and without a pretest. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four groups in experimental design?

Pretest, treatment, posttest; Pretest, no treatment, posttest; Treatment, posttest; No treatment, posttest. Signup and view all the answers

What is selection bias?

For more than one group, need to compare groups, but they might differ in some way - they need to be equal. Signup and view all the answers

What is history in terms of internal validity?

When an event unrelated to the treatment occurs during the experiment and affects your dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What does maturation refer to in experimentation?

Common in long experiments when there is biological, psychological, or emotional change/growth in participants other than the treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is testing in research contexts?

When the pretest itself affects the outcome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the placebo effect?

'Sugar pill' when participants get no treatment but think they do and change behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does instrumentation refer to?

Something in measurement changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is experimental mortality?

When some participants quit, which could introduce bias. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion of treatment?

When different groups communicate and learn about the other's treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What are demand characteristics?

Participants figure out what you are doing and change their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Experimental Designs

Maturation effect is minimized when the time between pretest and posttest is short.
Randomization involves assigning subjects to groups, while random sampling refers to selecting a sample from a population.
Classical experimental design typically does not include multiple independent variables.
The one-group pretest-posttest design measures participants before and after treatment without a control group.
One-shot case studies provide the least evidence for causal relationships.
The Solomon four-group design integrates classical experimental and two-group posttest designs.

Elements of Experiments

Key components of an experiment include treatment, dependent variable, pretest, posttest, experimental group, control group, and random assignment.
Within-participants experiments evaluate the same participant across different times or conditions, while between-groups experiments compare different groups experiencing varied treatments.

Data Collection in Field Research

Field research can involve helping participants in their environments, termed the use of small favors.
Building trust and rapport in field research often requires researchers to share personal backgrounds during interviews.
Unstructured interviews aim for deep understanding of participant views and beliefs.

Steps in Conducting Field Research

Select a site, manage access with gatekeepers, and establish social roles.
Apply strategies like normalizing research and appearing interested to gather data effectively.
Gather and record data through immersion in the environment, with attention to observation and documentation.

Understanding Sources and Knowledge

Primary sources include first-hand materials like letters and photos, while secondary sources analyze these primary materials.
Acquiring foundational knowledge involves studying relevant cultural contexts, history, and sometimes learning additional languages.

Key Validity Issues

Selection bias threatens internal validity when comparing groups that may differ fundamentally in characteristics.
History effects occur when external events influence dependent variables during an experiment.
Maturation refers to natural developmental changes in participants over lengthy studies impacting results.

Measurement Challenges

The testing effect may influence outcomes as responses to pretests can reshape responses in posttests.
Placebo effects illustrate behavioral changes stemming from perceptions of treatment rather than treatments themselves.
Instrumentation issues can arise when measurement tools or methods change over time.

Research Design Variations

The static group comparison design lacks random assignment, comparing groups based solely on posttest results.
Selection bias involves ensuring groups are comparable to obtain valid comparisons.
Experimental mortality occurs when participants withdraw, which could lead to biased results.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards for CRIM250W Exam 4. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the maturation effect, randomization, and classical experimental design. Perfect for students preparing for their exam or anyone interested in criminal justice research methods.