23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for exercise-induced asthma in a hot and humid environment?

The larger amounts of mold spores formed in the moist environment

The moist air is heavier and harder to breathe, causing individuals to breathe deeper or more rapidly (correct)

The hot air irritates the air passageways

The greater amounts of pollutants, such as smog

What is the preferred term for exercise-induced asthma?

Exercise-induced breathing difficulty

Exercise-induced inflammation

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (correct)

Exercise-induced irritation

What is the primary treatment for asthma?

Both (a) and (b) (correct)

Bronchodilators to alleviate the bronchoconstriction

Bronchial thermoplasty to remove some of the outer layers of smooth muscle

Inhaled steroids (cortisone-related compounds) to reduce the inflammatory reaction

What is the purpose of bronchial thermoplasty?

To remove some of the outer layers of smooth muscle and decrease the muscle contractions associated with bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of airway constriction during an asthma attack?

Increased inflammation within the air passageways Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for exercise-induced asthma in individuals with colder and drier air?

The colder air causes the smooth muscle within the bronchioles to contract to a greater degree than normal Signup and view all the answers

Why does pneumonia tend to be more severe in older individuals?

Pneumonia duration is lengthened in older individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What causes a lung infected with pneumonia to appear white or opaque on an x-ray?

Accumulation of fluid and cells Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?

Alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

To facilitate gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

How does the severity of pneumonia relate to the timing of its diagnosis and treatment?

Late diagnosis results in more severe symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Why are alveoli described as saccular outpocketings?

Because they resemble hollow sacs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the alveolar pores?

To allow air to circulate between alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries around each alveolus?

To form a vascular network Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the elastic fibers in the interalveolar septum?

To contribute to the ability of the lungs to stretch and recoil Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type makes up approximately 95% of the alveolar surface?

Alveolar type I cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant secreted by alveolar type II cells?

To prevent the collapse of alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the alveolar type I cells?

To form the alveolar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a cricothyrotomy?

To create an opening in the neck for air exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?

The main bronchi branch into the bronchial tree Signup and view all the answers

How do bronchioles differ from the larger bronchi in their structure?

Bronchioles have a proportionately thicker smooth muscle layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchial tree?

To regulate the size of the airway lumen Signup and view all the answers

Where do the alveoli, the functional units of the lungs, fit into the structure of the bronchial tree?

The alveoli are located at the end of the bronchial tree Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cartilage plates in the structure of the bronchi?

To maintain the shape and patency of the larger airways Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bronchial smooth muscle contraction?

To decrease airflow to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation?

Sympathetic division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bronchodilation?

To increase airflow to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in alveoli?

Bronchial smooth muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bronchoconstriction?

To protect the lungs from harmful substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trachea?

To transport air between the larynx and the main bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the position of the trachea relative to the esophagus?

The trachea is anterior to the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What structure partially protects the trachea within the thoracic cavity?

The sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the tracheal wall is NOT true?

It has a thick, bony outer layer for protection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cartilage rings in the tracheal wall?

To prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does the trachea directly connect to at its inferior end?

The main bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of an alveolus in cross section?

Hexagonal or polygonal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thin epithelium lining the respiratory zone?

To facilitate gas diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of alveoli in each adult lung?

300-400 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?

Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts which then lead to alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cell type that makes up the epithelium lining the respiratory bronchioles?

Simple cuboidal epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the elastic tissue surrounding the alveoli?

To prevent alveolar collapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the prolonged duration of pneumonia in older individuals and those with compromised immune systems?

Their immune system is less able to fight off the infection Signup and view all the answers

Why does a lung infected with pneumonia appear white or opaque on an x-ray?

The accumulation of fluid and cells in the alveoli makes them denser Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural characteristic that distinguishes alveoli from the rest of the respiratory passageway?

Their saccular, outpocketing shape Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?

Terminal bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

To facilitate the exchange of gases between the air and blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries surrounding each alveolus?

To facilitate gas exchange between the alveoli and blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

To engage in phagocytosis and remove microbes and particulates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are supported by cartilage?

Nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following help protect the respiratory tract?

Nasal hairs, mucus, tonsils, cilia, macrophages, sneezing, and coughing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveolar type I cells?

To facilitate gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?

The bronchial tree branches from the main bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?

Alveoli, alveolar sacs, and respiratory bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical definition of chronic bronchitis?

The production of large amounts of mucus, associated with a cough lasting 3 continuous months Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the long-term changes in the bronchi that occur in chronic bronchitis?

Inhaling irritants such as cigarette smoke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute bronchitis?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

How do the bronchi differ in structure between the first, second, and third generations?

The main bronchi are the largest, the lobar bronchi are medium-sized, and the segmental bronchi are the smallest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the long-term changes to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?

Increased likelihood of future bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic bronchitis in terms of duration?

Acute bronchitis resolves within 10-14 days, while chronic bronchitis lasts for 3 continuous months or more Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cricothyrotomy

A cricothyrotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making a vertical incision between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage
A tube is placed into the incision to allow air exchange to occur

Bronchial Tree

The bronchial tree is a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originates at the main bronchi and ends at the alveoli
It is composed of bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
The bronchial tree has approximately 9-12 levels or generations of bronchial branch divisions

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Bronchi are supported by irregular cartilage plates of decreasing size
Bronchioles do not contain cartilage, but have a proportionately thicker layer of smooth muscle
Smooth muscle allows for bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating airflow to the alveoli

Bronchoconstriction and Bronchodilation

Bronchoconstriction occurs when smooth muscle contracts, narrowing the lumen and decreasing airflow
Bronchodilation occurs when smooth muscle relaxes, widening the lumen and increasing airflow

Respiratory Zone

The respiratory zone consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Alveoli are small, sac-like structures where gas exchange occurs
Each alveolus has a network of pulmonary capillaries surrounding it, allowing for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream

Alveoli

Alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway
They are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries, allowing for gas exchange
Alveoli are lined with two types of cells: alveolar type I cells (simple squamous epithelium) and alveolar type II cells (cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant)

Pulmonary Surfactant

Pulmonary surfactant is a oily fluid secreted by alveolar type II cells
It prevents the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension

Respiratory Membrane

The respiratory membrane is a thin layer of epithelial cells lining the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
It facilitates gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream

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Description

Test your knowledge on cricothyrotomy procedure and the anatomy of the bronchial tree. Questions may cover identification of structural subdivisions, processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and more.

23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for exercise-induced asthma in a hot and humid environment?

What is the preferred term for exercise-induced asthma?

What is the primary treatment for asthma?

What is the purpose of bronchial thermoplasty?

What is the main cause of airway constriction during an asthma attack?

What is the main reason for exercise-induced asthma in individuals with colder and drier air?

Why does pneumonia tend to be more severe in older individuals?

What causes a lung infected with pneumonia to appear white or opaque on an x-ray?

Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?

What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

How does the severity of pneumonia relate to the timing of its diagnosis and treatment?

Why are alveoli described as saccular outpocketings?

What is the function of the alveolar pores?

What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries around each alveolus?

What is the role of the elastic fibers in the interalveolar septum?

Which cell type makes up approximately 95% of the alveolar surface?

What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant secreted by alveolar type II cells?

What is the primary role of the alveolar type I cells?

What is the purpose of performing a cricothyrotomy?

What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?

How do bronchioles differ from the larger bronchi in their structure?

What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchial tree?

Where do the alveoli, the functional units of the lungs, fit into the structure of the bronchial tree?

What is the purpose of the cartilage plates in the structure of the bronchi?

What is the primary function of bronchial smooth muscle contraction?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation?

What is the primary function of bronchodilation?

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in alveoli?

What is the primary function of bronchoconstriction?

Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?

What is the primary function of the trachea?

Which of the following best describes the position of the trachea relative to the esophagus?

What structure partially protects the trachea within the thoracic cavity?

Which of the following statements about the tracheal wall is NOT true?

What is the primary function of the cartilage rings in the tracheal wall?

Which of the following structures does the trachea directly connect to at its inferior end?

What is the shape of an alveolus in cross section?

What is the primary function of the thin epithelium lining the respiratory zone?

What is the approximate number of alveoli in each adult lung?

What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?

What is the primary cell type that makes up the epithelium lining the respiratory bronchioles?

What is the primary function of the elastic tissue surrounding the alveoli?

What is the primary reason for the prolonged duration of pneumonia in older individuals and those with compromised immune systems?

Why does a lung infected with pneumonia appear white or opaque on an x-ray?

What is the primary structural characteristic that distinguishes alveoli from the rest of the respiratory passageway?

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries surrounding each alveolus?

What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

Which of the following structures are supported by cartilage?

Which of the following help protect the respiratory tract?

What is the primary function of alveolar type I cells?

What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?

Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?

What is the medical definition of chronic bronchitis?

What is the primary cause of the long-term changes in the bronchi that occur in chronic bronchitis?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute bronchitis?

How do the bronchi differ in structure between the first, second, and third generations?

What is the primary effect of the long-term changes to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic bronchitis in terms of duration?

Study Notes

Cricothyrotomy

Bronchial Tree

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Bronchoconstriction and Bronchodilation

Respiratory Zone

Alveoli

Pulmonary Surfactant

Respiratory Membrane

Studying That Suits You

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