Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for exercise-induced asthma in a hot and humid environment?
What is the primary reason for exercise-induced asthma in a hot and humid environment?
- The larger amounts of mold spores formed in the moist environment
- The moist air is heavier and harder to breathe, causing individuals to breathe deeper or more rapidly (correct)
- The hot air irritates the air passageways
- The greater amounts of pollutants, such as smog
What is the preferred term for exercise-induced asthma?
What is the preferred term for exercise-induced asthma?
- Exercise-induced breathing difficulty
- Exercise-induced inflammation
- Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (correct)
- Exercise-induced irritation
What is the primary treatment for asthma?
What is the primary treatment for asthma?
- Both (a) and (b) (correct)
- Bronchodilators to alleviate the bronchoconstriction
- Bronchial thermoplasty to remove some of the outer layers of smooth muscle
- Inhaled steroids (cortisone-related compounds) to reduce the inflammatory reaction
What is the purpose of bronchial thermoplasty?
What is the purpose of bronchial thermoplasty?
What is the main cause of airway constriction during an asthma attack?
What is the main cause of airway constriction during an asthma attack?
What is the main reason for exercise-induced asthma in individuals with colder and drier air?
What is the main reason for exercise-induced asthma in individuals with colder and drier air?
Why does pneumonia tend to be more severe in older individuals?
Why does pneumonia tend to be more severe in older individuals?
What causes a lung infected with pneumonia to appear white or opaque on an x-ray?
What causes a lung infected with pneumonia to appear white or opaque on an x-ray?
Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?
Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?
What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
How does the severity of pneumonia relate to the timing of its diagnosis and treatment?
How does the severity of pneumonia relate to the timing of its diagnosis and treatment?
Why are alveoli described as saccular outpocketings?
Why are alveoli described as saccular outpocketings?
What is the function of the alveolar pores?
What is the function of the alveolar pores?
What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries around each alveolus?
What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries around each alveolus?
What is the role of the elastic fibers in the interalveolar septum?
What is the role of the elastic fibers in the interalveolar septum?
Which cell type makes up approximately 95% of the alveolar surface?
Which cell type makes up approximately 95% of the alveolar surface?
What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant secreted by alveolar type II cells?
What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant secreted by alveolar type II cells?
What is the primary role of the alveolar type I cells?
What is the primary role of the alveolar type I cells?
What is the purpose of performing a cricothyrotomy?
What is the purpose of performing a cricothyrotomy?
What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?
What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?
How do bronchioles differ from the larger bronchi in their structure?
How do bronchioles differ from the larger bronchi in their structure?
What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchial tree?
What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchial tree?
Where do the alveoli, the functional units of the lungs, fit into the structure of the bronchial tree?
Where do the alveoli, the functional units of the lungs, fit into the structure of the bronchial tree?
What is the purpose of the cartilage plates in the structure of the bronchi?
What is the purpose of the cartilage plates in the structure of the bronchi?
What is the primary function of bronchial smooth muscle contraction?
What is the primary function of bronchial smooth muscle contraction?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation?
What is the primary function of bronchodilation?
What is the primary function of bronchodilation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in alveoli?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in alveoli?
What is the primary function of bronchoconstriction?
What is the primary function of bronchoconstriction?
Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?
Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?
What is the primary function of the trachea?
What is the primary function of the trachea?
Which of the following best describes the position of the trachea relative to the esophagus?
Which of the following best describes the position of the trachea relative to the esophagus?
What structure partially protects the trachea within the thoracic cavity?
What structure partially protects the trachea within the thoracic cavity?
Which of the following statements about the tracheal wall is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about the tracheal wall is NOT true?
What is the primary function of the cartilage rings in the tracheal wall?
What is the primary function of the cartilage rings in the tracheal wall?
Which of the following structures does the trachea directly connect to at its inferior end?
Which of the following structures does the trachea directly connect to at its inferior end?
What is the shape of an alveolus in cross section?
What is the shape of an alveolus in cross section?
What is the primary function of the thin epithelium lining the respiratory zone?
What is the primary function of the thin epithelium lining the respiratory zone?
What is the approximate number of alveoli in each adult lung?
What is the approximate number of alveoli in each adult lung?
What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?
What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?
What is the primary cell type that makes up the epithelium lining the respiratory bronchioles?
What is the primary cell type that makes up the epithelium lining the respiratory bronchioles?
What is the primary function of the elastic tissue surrounding the alveoli?
What is the primary function of the elastic tissue surrounding the alveoli?
What is the primary reason for the prolonged duration of pneumonia in older individuals and those with compromised immune systems?
What is the primary reason for the prolonged duration of pneumonia in older individuals and those with compromised immune systems?
Why does a lung infected with pneumonia appear white or opaque on an x-ray?
Why does a lung infected with pneumonia appear white or opaque on an x-ray?
What is the primary structural characteristic that distinguishes alveoli from the rest of the respiratory passageway?
What is the primary structural characteristic that distinguishes alveoli from the rest of the respiratory passageway?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries surrounding each alveolus?
What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries surrounding each alveolus?
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?
Which of the following structures are supported by cartilage?
Which of the following structures are supported by cartilage?
Which of the following help protect the respiratory tract?
Which of the following help protect the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of alveolar type I cells?
What is the primary function of alveolar type I cells?
What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?
What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?
Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?
Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?
What is the medical definition of chronic bronchitis?
What is the medical definition of chronic bronchitis?
What is the primary cause of the long-term changes in the bronchi that occur in chronic bronchitis?
What is the primary cause of the long-term changes in the bronchi that occur in chronic bronchitis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute bronchitis?
How do the bronchi differ in structure between the first, second, and third generations?
How do the bronchi differ in structure between the first, second, and third generations?
What is the primary effect of the long-term changes to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?
What is the primary effect of the long-term changes to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic bronchitis in terms of duration?
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic bronchitis in terms of duration?
Study Notes
Cricothyrotomy
- A cricothyrotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making a vertical incision between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage
- A tube is placed into the incision to allow air exchange to occur
Bronchial Tree
- The bronchial tree is a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originates at the main bronchi and ends at the alveoli
- It is composed of bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
- The bronchial tree has approximately 9-12 levels or generations of bronchial branch divisions
Bronchi and Bronchioles
- Bronchi are supported by irregular cartilage plates of decreasing size
- Bronchioles do not contain cartilage, but have a proportionately thicker layer of smooth muscle
- Smooth muscle allows for bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating airflow to the alveoli
Bronchoconstriction and Bronchodilation
- Bronchoconstriction occurs when smooth muscle contracts, narrowing the lumen and decreasing airflow
- Bronchodilation occurs when smooth muscle relaxes, widening the lumen and increasing airflow
Respiratory Zone
- The respiratory zone consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
- Alveoli are small, sac-like structures where gas exchange occurs
- Each alveolus has a network of pulmonary capillaries surrounding it, allowing for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream
Alveoli
- Alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway
- They are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries, allowing for gas exchange
- Alveoli are lined with two types of cells: alveolar type I cells (simple squamous epithelium) and alveolar type II cells (cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant)
Pulmonary Surfactant
- Pulmonary surfactant is a oily fluid secreted by alveolar type II cells
- It prevents the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension
Respiratory Membrane
- The respiratory membrane is a thin layer of epithelial cells lining the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
- It facilitates gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream
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Description
Test your knowledge on cricothyrotomy procedure and the anatomy of the bronchial tree. Questions may cover identification of structural subdivisions, processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and more.
