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23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
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23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for exercise-induced asthma in a hot and humid environment?

  • The larger amounts of mold spores formed in the moist environment
  • The moist air is heavier and harder to breathe, causing individuals to breathe deeper or more rapidly (correct)
  • The hot air irritates the air passageways
  • The greater amounts of pollutants, such as smog

    • What is the preferred term for exercise-induced asthma?

  • Exercise-induced breathing difficulty
  • Exercise-induced inflammation
  • Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (correct)
  • Exercise-induced irritation

    • What is the primary treatment for asthma?

  • Both (a) and (b) (correct)
  • Bronchodilators to alleviate the bronchoconstriction
  • Bronchial thermoplasty to remove some of the outer layers of smooth muscle
  • Inhaled steroids (cortisone-related compounds) to reduce the inflammatory reaction

    • What is the purpose of bronchial thermoplasty?

    <p>To remove some of the outer layers of smooth muscle and decrease the muscle contractions associated with bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of airway constriction during an asthma attack?

    <p>Increased inflammation within the air passageways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for exercise-induced asthma in individuals with colder and drier air?

    <p>The colder air causes the smooth muscle within the bronchioles to contract to a greater degree than normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does pneumonia tend to be more severe in older individuals?

    <p>Pneumonia duration is lengthened in older individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a lung infected with pneumonia to appear white or opaque on an x-ray?

    <p>Accumulation of fluid and cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?

    <p>Alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the severity of pneumonia relate to the timing of its diagnosis and treatment?

    <p>Late diagnosis results in more severe symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are alveoli described as saccular outpocketings?

    <p>Because they resemble hollow sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the alveolar pores?

    <p>To allow air to circulate between alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries around each alveolus?

    <p>To form a vascular network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the elastic fibers in the interalveolar septum?

    <p>To contribute to the ability of the lungs to stretch and recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type makes up approximately 95% of the alveolar surface?

    <p>Alveolar type I cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant secreted by alveolar type II cells?

    <p>To prevent the collapse of alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the alveolar type I cells?

    <p>To form the alveolar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing a cricothyrotomy?

    <p>To create an opening in the neck for air exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?

    <p>The main bronchi branch into the bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bronchioles differ from the larger bronchi in their structure?

    <p>Bronchioles have a proportionately thicker smooth muscle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchial tree?

    <p>To regulate the size of the airway lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the alveoli, the functional units of the lungs, fit into the structure of the bronchial tree?

    <p>The alveoli are located at the end of the bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cartilage plates in the structure of the bronchi?

    <p>To maintain the shape and patency of the larger airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bronchial smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>To decrease airflow to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bronchodilation?

    <p>To increase airflow to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in alveoli?

    <p>Bronchial smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bronchoconstriction?

    <p>To protect the lungs from harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are part of the respiratory zone?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trachea?

    <p>To transport air between the larynx and the main bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the position of the trachea relative to the esophagus?

    <p>The trachea is anterior to the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure partially protects the trachea within the thoracic cavity?

    <p>The sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the tracheal wall is NOT true?

    <p>It has a thick, bony outer layer for protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cartilage rings in the tracheal wall?

    <p>To prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does the trachea directly connect to at its inferior end?

    <p>The main bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of an alveolus in cross section?

    <p>Hexagonal or polygonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thin epithelium lining the respiratory zone?

    <p>To facilitate gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of alveoli in each adult lung?

    <p>300-400 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts which then lead to alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cell type that makes up the epithelium lining the respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the elastic tissue surrounding the alveoli?

    <p>To prevent alveolar collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the prolonged duration of pneumonia in older individuals and those with compromised immune systems?

    <p>Their immune system is less able to fight off the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a lung infected with pneumonia appear white or opaque on an x-ray?

    <p>The accumulation of fluid and cells in the alveoli makes them denser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural characteristic that distinguishes alveoli from the rest of the respiratory passageway?

    <p>Their saccular, outpocketing shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of gases between the air and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pulmonary capillaries surrounding each alveolus?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange between the alveoli and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

    <p>To engage in phagocytosis and remove microbes and particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are supported by cartilage?

    <p>Nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following help protect the respiratory tract?

    <p>Nasal hairs, mucus, tonsils, cilia, macrophages, sneezing, and coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveolar type I cells?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural relationship between the main bronchi and the bronchial tree?

    <p>The bronchial tree branches from the main bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopic structures compose the respiratory zone?

    <p>Alveoli, alveolar sacs, and respiratory bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical definition of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>The production of large amounts of mucus, associated with a cough lasting 3 continuous months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the long-term changes in the bronchi that occur in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Inhaling irritants such as cigarette smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute bronchitis?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the bronchi differ in structure between the first, second, and third generations?

    <p>The main bronchi are the largest, the lobar bronchi are medium-sized, and the segmental bronchi are the smallest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the long-term changes to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Increased likelihood of future bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic bronchitis in terms of duration?

    <p>Acute bronchitis resolves within 10-14 days, while chronic bronchitis lasts for 3 continuous months or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cricothyrotomy

    • A cricothyrotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making a vertical incision between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage
    • A tube is placed into the incision to allow air exchange to occur

    Bronchial Tree

    • The bronchial tree is a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originates at the main bronchi and ends at the alveoli
    • It is composed of bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
    • The bronchial tree has approximately 9-12 levels or generations of bronchial branch divisions

    Bronchi and Bronchioles

    • Bronchi are supported by irregular cartilage plates of decreasing size
    • Bronchioles do not contain cartilage, but have a proportionately thicker layer of smooth muscle
    • Smooth muscle allows for bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating airflow to the alveoli

    Bronchoconstriction and Bronchodilation

    • Bronchoconstriction occurs when smooth muscle contracts, narrowing the lumen and decreasing airflow
    • Bronchodilation occurs when smooth muscle relaxes, widening the lumen and increasing airflow

    Respiratory Zone

    • The respiratory zone consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
    • Alveoli are small, sac-like structures where gas exchange occurs
    • Each alveolus has a network of pulmonary capillaries surrounding it, allowing for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream

    Alveoli

    • Alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway
    • They are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries, allowing for gas exchange
    • Alveoli are lined with two types of cells: alveolar type I cells (simple squamous epithelium) and alveolar type II cells (cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant)

    Pulmonary Surfactant

    • Pulmonary surfactant is a oily fluid secreted by alveolar type II cells
    • It prevents the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension

    Respiratory Membrane

    • The respiratory membrane is a thin layer of epithelial cells lining the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
    • It facilitates gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cricothyrotomy procedure and the anatomy of the bronchial tree. Questions may cover identification of structural subdivisions, processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and more.

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