Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is an essential characteristic of a well-constructed question stem?
What is an essential characteristic of a well-constructed question stem?
- It is often stated negatively.
- It includes irrelevant information.
- It contains multiple parts.
- It should present a definite problem. (correct)
Which of the following best describes how options should be crafted?
Which of the following best describes how options should be crafted?
- Options should include obvious correct answers.
- Options can include multiple correct answers.
- Options should be plausible and concise. (correct)
- Options should be vague to avoid bias.
What is crucial about the correct answer in a multiple choice question?
What is crucial about the correct answer in a multiple choice question?
- It should be the longest answer.
- It should contain a keyword from the question.
- It needs to be the first option listed.
- It must be the best answer available. (correct)
Why should distractors reflect common misconceptions?
Why should distractors reflect common misconceptions?
What is a common misstep when creating options for a question?
What is a common misstep when creating options for a question?
What is the primary goal of sustainability?
What is the primary goal of sustainability?
Which concept describes the ability of people to adjust to their physical environment?
Which concept describes the ability of people to adjust to their physical environment?
What defines a formal region?
What defines a formal region?
Which scale of analysis focuses on the local level?
Which scale of analysis focuses on the local level?
What is arithmetic density?
What is arithmetic density?
How does agricultural density reflect a country's development level?
How does agricultural density reflect a country's development level?
Which factor would cause a population to avoid specific areas?
Which factor would cause a population to avoid specific areas?
What does physiological density measure?
What does physiological density measure?
Which of the following describes the concept of carrying capacity?
Which of the following describes the concept of carrying capacity?
In which region type does a terrestrial radio broadcast area fall?
In which region type does a terrestrial radio broadcast area fall?
What describes a strong feeling of identity associated with a location?
What describes a strong feeling of identity associated with a location?
Which type of diffusion occurs when carriers migrate and spread ideas?
Which type of diffusion occurs when carriers migrate and spread ideas?
What is a language formed from a combination of other languages called?
What is a language formed from a combination of other languages called?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cultural convergence?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cultural convergence?
What term is used for the spread of religion appealing to all people?
What term is used for the spread of religion appealing to all people?
What does the Sedentary Farmer Theory suggest about language diffusion?
What does the Sedentary Farmer Theory suggest about language diffusion?
Which of these is a characteristic of hierarchical diffusion?
Which of these is a characteristic of hierarchical diffusion?
What effect does time-space convergence have on cultural patterns?
What effect does time-space convergence have on cultural patterns?
Which type of diffusion is characterized by cultural adaptations due to introduced ideas?
Which type of diffusion is characterized by cultural adaptations due to introduced ideas?
Which of the following best defines globalization?
Which of the following best defines globalization?
What primarily characterizes Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Model?
What primarily characterizes Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Model?
Which factor contributed to the decrease in epidemics during Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Model?
Which factor contributed to the decrease in epidemics during Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Model?
According to Malthusian Theory, how does population growth compare to food supply growth?
According to Malthusian Theory, how does population growth compare to food supply growth?
What is the primary aim of antinatalist policies?
What is the primary aim of antinatalist policies?
Which of Ravenstein's Laws of Migration states that most migrants only move short distances?
Which of Ravenstein's Laws of Migration states that most migrants only move short distances?
What is a characteristic of Stage 3 in the population growth diagram?
What is a characteristic of Stage 3 in the population growth diagram?
In which stage of the Epidemiological Model do chronic diseases like cancer become more prevalent?
In which stage of the Epidemiological Model do chronic diseases like cancer become more prevalent?
What is a common pattern observed in migration related to gender?
What is a common pattern observed in migration related to gender?
Which statement is true about Stage 4 of the population growth diagram?
Which statement is true about Stage 4 of the population growth diagram?
What do neo-Malthusians believe regarding the Earth's resources?
What do neo-Malthusians believe regarding the Earth's resources?
What is a major direction of migration?
What is a major direction of migration?
Which factor is considered a push factor in migration?
Which factor is considered a push factor in migration?
What describes a chain migration?
What describes a chain migration?
What term describes the ratio of dependents to producers in a population?
What term describes the ratio of dependents to producers in a population?
Which of the following best defines transhumance?
Which of the following best defines transhumance?
What is a key characteristic of material culture?
What is a key characteristic of material culture?
Which of the following is considered a dependency caused by aging populations?
Which of the following is considered a dependency caused by aging populations?
What characterizes forced migration?
What characterizes forced migration?
What does the term 'ethnocentrism' refer to?
What does the term 'ethnocentrism' refer to?
What is an example of an intervening obstacle in migration?
What is an example of an intervening obstacle in migration?
How do ethnic neighborhoods reflect cultural identity?
How do ethnic neighborhoods reflect cultural identity?
What is the major cause of migration, especially for young adults?
What is the major cause of migration, especially for young adults?
What defines cultural landscapes?
What defines cultural landscapes?
Flashcards
Sustainability
Sustainability
The goal of humankind reaching a balance with the natural world, meeting present needs without jeopardizing future generations' access to resources.
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
The physical materials on Earth that humans use and value. Examples: water, forests, minerals
Environmental Determinism
Environmental Determinism
The idea that the physical environment directly shapes and determines human societies and cultures.
Possibilism
Possibilism
The idea that while the environment may present limits, humans have the ability to adapt and change their surroundings.
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Scale
Scale
The relationship between the distance on a map and the corresponding distance on Earth's surface. Also, the level of zoom when studying geographic features.
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Scale of Analysis
Scale of Analysis
The level of magnification used when examining geographic information, ranging from global to local.
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Region
Region
An area larger than a point but smaller than a planet, unified by a shared characteristic.
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Formal Region
Formal Region
A region defined by quantitative data or measurable characteristics. Examples: states, countries.
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Functional Region
Functional Region
A region organized around a central node or focal point. Example: a radio station's broadcast area.
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Vernacular (Perceptual) Region
Vernacular (Perceptual) Region
A region defined by shared qualitative characteristics perceived by people. It is a region because people believe it is.
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String
String
A sequence of characters, such as letters, numbers, or symbols.
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Integer
Integer
A data type used to store whole numbers, without decimals.
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Float
Float
A data type used to store numbers with decimal points.
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Boolean
Boolean
A data type used to represent logical values, either true or false.
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Dictionary
Dictionary
A collection of key-value pairs, where each key is unique and maps to a value.
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Migration
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another, often for economic, social, or political reasons.
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Rural-to-Urban Migration
Rural-to-Urban Migration
The tendency for migrants to settle in urban areas, driven by factors like job opportunities and increased economic activity.
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Push Factors
Push Factors
Factors that push people to leave their home location, such as lack of jobs, war, or natural disasters.
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Pull Factors
Pull Factors
Factors that attract people to a new location, such as job opportunities, better education, or family connections.
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Epidemiological Model
Epidemiological Model
A model explaining how societies develop through shifts in main causes of death, marked by stages of disease patterns.
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Dependency Ratio
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of people who are not in the workforce (dependents) to those who are (producers).
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Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine
Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine
The first stage of the Epidemiological Model, characterized by high death rates due to infectious diseases like plagues and famine.
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Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person born in a particular country is expected to live.
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Culture
Culture
The cultural beliefs, customs, and traditions of a group of people.
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Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
The second stage of the Epidemiological Model, marked by declining epidemics due to improving sanitation, nutrition, and medical practices.
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Material Culture
Material Culture
The tangible aspects of culture, including tools, buildings, and clothing.
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Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-created diseases
Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-created diseases
The third stage of the Epidemiological Model, where infectious diseases decline but chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer rise due to longer lifespans.
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Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative
Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative
The fourth stage of the Epidemiological Model, where chronic diseases remain prominent, but medical advancements further extend life expectancy.
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Nonmaterial Culture
Nonmaterial Culture
The intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, values, and traditions.
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Malthusian Theory
Malthusian Theory
A theory by Thomas Malthus stating that unchecked population growth will outpace food supply, leading to famine and conflict.
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Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures based on the standards of your own culture.
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Neo-Malthusian Theory
Neo-Malthusian Theory
A contemporary perspective supporting population control as a method to prevent resource depletion, famine, and war.
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Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism
Judging a culture based on its own standards and values, without imposing your own cultural perspectives.
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Antinatalist Policies
Antinatalist Policies
Policies intended to control population growth by encouraging smaller families, using incentives or discouraging larger families through punishments.
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Cultural Landscapes
Cultural Landscapes
The geographic expressions of cultural practices, beliefs, and values.
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Pronatalist Policies
Pronatalist Policies
Policies aimed at increasing population growth by incentivizing families to have more children.
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Ethnic Neighborhoods
Ethnic Neighborhoods
A neighborhood or area that retains a distinct cultural identity within a larger city.
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Indigenous People
Indigenous People
The original inhabitants of a territory, often distinct from the dominant culture.
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Immigration Policies
Immigration Policies
Policies regulating the movement of people across borders, often through quotas or restrictions.
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Sense of Place
Sense of Place
The feeling of belonging and attachment to a place.
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Language
Language
A system of sounds and symbols used for communication, often differing in how words are pronounced or spelled.
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Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Shared cultural traditions, ancestry, and sometimes language that define a group.
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Gender
Gender
The cultural differences and expectations associated with men and women.
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Diffusion
Diffusion
The spread of an idea or practice from one place to another.
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Relocation Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of ideas as people move to new locations.
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Expansion Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion
The gradual spread of an idea through a population.
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Creole Language
Creole Language
A language formed from a mixture of other languages, becoming the primary language of a community.
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Lingua Franca
Lingua Franca
A language used for communication between people who speak different native languages.
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Human Geography AP
- Arithmetic density is a calculation not terribly meaningful on its own.
Consequences of Population Distribution
- Areas with larger populations and greater population density have greater political, economic, and social power.
- Political - greater control over laws and larger political influence.
- Economic - greater access to jobs, areas make more revenue.
- Social - greater concentration of health care, better educational opportunities.
Population Composition
- Age/sex ratio: comparison of the numbers of males and females of different ages.
- Population pyramid: a graph of the population of an area by age and sex
- When a population is growing it takes a pyramid shape
Population Dynamics
- Demography - the study of population growth and decline.
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - the number of live births per one thousand people in the population.
- Crude Death Rate (CDR) - the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population.
- Doubling time - the time period it takes for a population to double in size.
- Infant mortality rate (IMR) - the number of children who don't survive their first year of life per 1,000 live births in a country
- Mortality - the number of deaths occurring in a population
- Infant Mortality - number of deaths of babies that die during the first year per 1,000 live births
- Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) (also known as NIR) (birth rate - death rate)/10 - a positive RNI means a population is growing and a negative NIR means a population is shrinking
Factors Affecting Fertility, Mortality, and Migration
- Social factors can affect fertility, mortality, and migration.
- Cultural factors can affect fertility, mortality, and migration
- Economic factors that affect fertility, mortality, and migration
Demographic Transition Model
Population Policies
- Antinatalist policies - when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children
- Pronatalist policies - when a country provides incentives for people to have more children
- Immigration policies - States can set up policies that make it easier or harder for people accepting or refusing refugees into the country
Women and Demographic Change
- Females are more frequently internationally.
- Most migrants are young adults, families rarely migrate out of their country.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
- The majority of migrants go only a short distance.
- Migration proceeds step by step (step migration).
- Migrants going long distances generally go to large economic centers.
- Each migration stream produces a compensating counter-stream.
- Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.
- As infrastructure improves (business, roads, industries) migration increases with it
- The major directions of migration is from the rural (agricultural) to urban (centers of industry and commerce).
Forced and Voluntary Migration
- Asylum migration
- Chain migration
- Step-migration
- Forced migration
- Guest worker
- Internally displaced persons
- Refugee
- Transhumance
- Voluntary migration
- Transnational migration
Effects of Migration
- Political impact - Brain drain: when the majority of educated or skilled workers leave a geographic area.
- Cultural impact - loss of culture or immigrants bring in new language flow.
- Economic impact - loss or gain of income depends on the migrant flow.
Introduction to Culture
- Culture - Body of materials, customary beliefs, attitudes, and traits that influence the geographers when they study culture or people.
- Material Culture- the materials manifestation of culture, including tools, housing, systems, clothing, values, and ideologies.
- Nonmaterial Culture - beliefs, traditions, celebration, thoughts, values, and ideas.
- Cultural Relativism - the culture should be judged on its own standards
- Ethnocentrism - judging other cultures based on the rules of your own culture.
- Taboo - something that is forbidden by a culture or a religion, sometimes so forbidden that it is often not even discussed
Cultural Landscapes
- Cultural landscapes - the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans.
- Example - street lights, rice fields, churches, cemeteries, etc
- Ethnic Neighborhood - a neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural characteristics.
- Indigenous community - is the community of indigenous inhabitants of a territory
- which is often derived from a colonial group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture.
Cultural Patterns
- Cultural patterns - describe the characteristics of cultural landscapes.
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