Cranial Nerves and Their Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye laterally?

  • Optic
  • Abducens (correct)
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear

    • Which sensory function is associated with the Trigeminal nerve?

  • Smell
  • Hearing and equilibrium
  • Sight
  • Conveying sensory data from eyes, nose, mouth, jaw, forehead, scalp, and facial skin (correct)

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for swallowing, gag sensation, and secretion of saliva?

  • Glossopharyngeal (correct)
  • Spinal Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
  • Vagus

    • Which nerve is responsible for closing the eyes, mouth, and other muscles of facial expression, as well as salivation and lacrimation?

    <p>Facial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for conveying sensory data from the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for tongue movement and articulation with the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye superiorly, medially, and diagonally?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is involved in the sensation of taste on the anterior tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for constricting pupils?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for swallowing, gag sensation, and salivation?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for moving the eye down laterally?

    <p>Trochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of the palate, pharynx, and larynx?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the inability to control urination?

    <p>Incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for urinating at night?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sudden, intense need to urinate?

    <p>Urgency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the leakage of urine?

    <p>Dribbling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for producing less than 400 mL to 500 mL of urine in 24 hours?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for painful urination?

    <p>Dysuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the difficulty in initiating urination?

    <p>Hesitancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to hold urine in the bladder?

    <p>Incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for urinating more than 3 L/day?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the urine remaining in the bladder after voiding?

    <p>Residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for abnormal outgrowths of tissue in the lining of the colon?

    <p>Polyps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rectal bleeding?

    <p>Hematochezia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an abnormal tunnel between the anal canal and the outer skin of the anus?

    <p>Fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for black, tarry feces caused by digestion of blood in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Melena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for swollen, dilated veins that protrude from the lower rectum or anus?

    <p>Hemorrhoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Pulse Ox measure in the body?

    <p>The functional oxygen saturation level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Arterial blood gases used for?

    <p>To measure the levels of O2 and CO2 in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bronchoscopy used for?

    <p>To provide a direct visual of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Mantoux tuberculin skin test used for?

    <p>To determine whether a person is infected with tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Pulse Ox and Arterial blood gases?

    <p>To measure oxygen saturation levels and to measure the levels of O2 and CO2 in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for difficulty breathing while lying down in the supine position?

    <p>Orthopnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breathing pattern is characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing, followed by periods of apnea?

    <p>Cheyne-Stokes respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for abnormally slow breathing, typically less than 12 breaths per minute?

    <p>Bradypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes breathing that is deep, abnormally labored, and increased in rate?

    <p>Kussmaul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for shallow or abnormally slow breathing, leading to reduced airflow to the lungs?

    <p>Hypopnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carotenemia characterized by?

    <p>A yellowing of the skin due to increased dietary intake of carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between central cyanosis and peripheral cyanosis?

    <p>Central cyanosis is caused by decreased cardiac output, while peripheral cyanosis is caused by deoxygenated hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of jaundice?

    <p>A yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of peripheral cyanosis?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between carotenemia and jaundice?

    <p>Carotenemia is caused by carotene, while jaundice is caused by bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes the act of vomiting blood?

    <p>Hematemesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible cause of hematemesis?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is hematemesis related to?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hematemesis in medical diagnosis?

    <p>It is a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible outcome of untreated hematemesis?

    <p>Severe anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of C. difficile illness?

    <p>Three or more watery, nonbloody stools per 24-hr period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for C. difficile infection?

    <p>Having recently been on antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate course of action for a patient experiencing watery, foul-smelling diarrhea?

    <p>Send a specimen out for culture and sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterium is C. difficile?

    <p>Anaerobic toxin-producing gram-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of C. difficile in the medical setting?

    <p>It is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Romberg's test?

    <p>To evaluate position sense, cerebellar function, balance, and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Romberg's test, what is the examiner's role in step 4?

    <p>To stand on the side of the patient and extend hands for patient safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the patient's standing without support during Romberg's test?

    <p>30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the patient closing their eyes during Romberg's test?

    <p>To eliminate visual cues and challenge balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in Romberg's test?

    <p>To document the findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of hemorrhoids?

    <p>Increased rectal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of internal hemorrhoids?

    <p>They are located inside the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hemorrhoids?

    <p>Rectal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between internal and external hemorrhoids?

    <p>Location and painfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thrombosed hemorrhoid?

    <p>A shiny blue skin sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms associated with anal region irritation?

    <p>Raised skin, redness, frequent itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of anal region irritation in infants and children?

    <p>Pinworm infestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of anal region irritation?

    <p>Raised, itchy skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is more likely to experience anal region irritation?

    <p>Infants and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the parasite that commonly causes anal region irritation?

    <p>Pinworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is erectile dysfunction (ED) characterized by?

    <p>A consistent inability to get or maintain an erection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases are linked to erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What question can be asked to assess erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Are you able to achieve or maintain an erection?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of erectile dysfunction on a person's life?

    <p>It affects their ability to have satisfying sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of onset of erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Either gradual or sudden onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for testicular cancer if a man has a family history of?

    <p>Testicular cancer in a brother or father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for male cancers?

    <p>Undescended testicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is at an increased risk for male cancers?

    <p>Men infected with HIV and AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of men who are at an increased risk for male cancers?

    <p>They are typically tall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precursor lesion to invasive testicular cancer?

    <p>Carcinoma in situ of the testicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of a prostate condition?

    <p>Changes in the color or texture of the skin on the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of prostate cancer?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

    <p>Urinary frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is impotence a symptom of?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is early prostate cancer often difficult to detect?

    <p>Because it rarely causes symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of anal fissures?

    <p>Passage of hard stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anal fistula?

    <p>An abnormal tunnel between the anal canal and the outer skin of the anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of rectal prolapse?

    <p>It appears as a circular red doughnut of tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can anal fissures and hemorrhoids disrupt?

    <p>Quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be suspected when rectal prolapse is seen in children?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment looks at the whole patient and reviews all the body systems?

    <p>Comprehensive assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a follow-up assessment?

    <p>Evaluating new data since the last history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of assessment would you focus on the respiratory and cardiac systems?

    <p>Focused assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an annual assessment?

    <p>To review all body systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of assessment would be routinely done during an annual visit?

    <p>Comprehensive assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a health history?

    <p>A summary of an individual's past and current medical conditions, treatments, surgeries, medications, allergies, and family medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ROS in a health history?

    <p>To identify normal versus abnormal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a symptom be in a health history?

    <p>Fully described</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is integrated into health promotion practices?

    <p>Head-to-toe survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of a health history?

    <p>The patient's past and current medical conditions, treatments, surgeries, medications, allergies, and family medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted number of people affected by obesity worldwide by 2030?

    <p>one billion people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of overnutrition?

    <p>Excessive intake of carbohydrates and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many calories are equivalent to one pound of body fat?

    <p>3,500 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of overnutrition?

    <p>Food marketing and promotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a person consumes 500 calories more than their daily needs?

    <p>They will gain one pound of body fat in a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to prevent obesity?

    <p>Engage in physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many standard drinks per day is recommended for men?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the diaphragm of the stethoscope be placed to measure apical pulse?

    <p>Directly over the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many drinks are considered binge drinking for men?

    <p>4 drinks per occasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time to count the beats for measuring apical pulse?

    <p>60 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily limit of ETOH for women and people over 65?

    <p>One standard drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for which the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale is recommended?

    <p>3 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest level of pain intensity on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for the Verbal Descriptor Pain Scale (VRS)?

    <p>Verbal format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the modified verbal descriptor scale used to assess pain intensity?

    <p>Iowa Pain Thermometer (IPT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest level of pain intensity on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many faces are used in the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cranial Nerves

    • Olfactory nerve: Responsible for smell (sensory).
    • Optic nerve: Responsible for sight (sensory).
    • Oculomotor nerve: Controls eyelid opening, eye movement (superiorly, medially, diagonally), and pupil constriction (motor).
    • Trochlear nerve: Moves the eye down laterally (motor).
    • Trigeminal nerve: Facilitates chewing, jaw movements (motor); conveys sensory information from the eyes, nose, mouth, jaw, forehead, scalp, and facial skin (sensory).
    • Abducens nerve: Responsible for lateral eye movement (motor).
    • Facial nerve: Manages closing of eyes and mouth, facial expressions, salivation, and lacrimation (motor); involved in taste on the anterior tongue (sensory).
    • Acoustic nerve: Responsible for hearing and balance (sensory).
    • Glossopharyngeal nerve: Facilitates swallowing, gag reflex, saliva secretion (motor); involved in taste on the posterior tongue (sensory).
    • Vagus nerve: Controls palate, pharynx, larynx (speech and swallowing) (motor); provides laryngeal and pharyngeal sensations, also involved in cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems (sensorimotor).
    • Spinal accessory nerve: Responsible for neck and shoulder muscle contraction (motor).
    • Hypoglossal nerve: Controls tongue movement and articulation (motor).

    Urinary Symptoms

    • Anuria: Absence of urination.
    • Dysuria: Painful urination.
    • Incontinence: Difficulty in urine control.
    • Nocturia: Frequent urination at night.
    • Oliguria: Scant urination (<400-500 mL/24 hours).
    • Polyuria: Increased urination (>3 L/day).
    • Retention: Holding on to urine.
    • Residual: Urine remaining in the bladder after voiding.
    • Urgency: Immediate need to void.
    • Hesitancy: Difficulty starting urination.
    • Dribbling: Leakage of urine.

    Gastrointestinal Conditions

    • Anal fissure: Ulceration due to microtrauma; often related to hard stools.
    • Anal fistula: Abnormal passage between the anal canal and outer skin.
    • Hematochezia: Rectal bleeding.
    • Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the lower rectum/anus; may cause bleeding and irritation.
    • Melena: Black, tarry feces indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding.
    • Polyps: Abnormal tissue growths in the colon lining, potentially precancerous.

    Respiratory Assessment

    • Pulse oximetry: Measures arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (normal: 95-100%).
    • Arterial blood gases: Assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood.
    • Bronchoscopy: Direct visualization of respiratory structures.
    • Dyspnea: Shortness of breath.
    • Orthopnea: Breathing difficulty when lying down, alleviated by standing/sitting.
    • Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing (<12 breaths/min).
    • Tachypnea: Rapid breathing (>20 breaths/min).
    • Kussmaul breathing: Deep, labored breaths with increased rate.
    • Apnea: Absence of breathing.

    Skin and Color Changes

    • Carotenemia: Yellowing of skin from high carotene intake; sclera remains white.
    • Jaundice: Yellowing due to high bilirubin levels.
    • Central cyanosis: Bluish skin tone indicating low circulating oxygen.
    • Peripheral cyanosis: Blue discoloration of skin or membranes due to deoxygenated blood.

    Additional Medical Conditions

    • Hematemesis: Vomiting blood, related to gastrointestinal factors.
    • Clostridium difficile: Leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea; prevalent in patients on antibiotics.
    • Romberg's test: Assesses balance and coordination; patient stands with closed eyes for swaying observations.

    Male Health Concerns

    • Erectile dysfunction (ED): Difficulty achieving/maintaining an erection, linked to conditions like diabetes and heart disease.
    • Hypospadias: Urethral opening located on the penis’ underside.
    • Testicular cancer risk factors: Family history, undescended testicle, previous cancer, HIV infection, and larger body size.

    Pain Assessment Tools

    • Numeric Rating Scale (NRS): Patients rate their pain from 0 (none) to 10 (worst pain).
    • Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale: Uses facial expressions for pain intensity; suitable for ages 3 and up.
    • Verbal Descriptor Pain Scale: Patients describe their pain severity.
    • Iowa Pain Thermometer: Modified descriptor scale with varying pain levels.

    Health Assessment Types

    • Comprehensive assessment: Thorough review of all body systems; time-consuming.
    • Focused assessment: Targets acute symptoms or problems.
    • Follow-up assessment: Reviews new data since previous visits.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the 12 cranial nerves, their functions, and the senses they control. Identify the nerves responsible for motor and sensory functions in the face and head.

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