Cranial Nerves and Cardiovascular Location

Cranial Nerves

• Cranial nerves I-XII each have specific functions
• Olfactory (I): smell (sensory)
• Optic (II): vision (sensory)
• Oculomotor (III): eyeball and eyelid movement, pupil constriction (motor)
• Trochlear (IV): eye movement (downward and lateral) (motor)
• Trigeminal (V): facial sensation, chewing (both sensory and motor)
• Abducens (VI): lateral eye movement (motor)
• Facial (VII): facial expressions, taste (anterior 2/3), salivary and lacrimal glands (both)
• Vestibulocochlear/auditory (VIII): hearing and balance (sensory)
• Glossopharyngeal (IX): taste (posterior 1/3), swallowing/gag reflex, salivary gland (both)
• Vagus (X): autonomic functions of heart, lungs, and digestive tract, swallowing (both)
• Accessory (XI): shoulder and neck movement (motor)
• Hypoglossal (XII): tongue movement (motor)

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Topics

Location of Heart and Great Vessels

• The heart and great vessels are centrally located in the thoracic mediastinum, left of center, between the lungs, and above the diaphragm within the pericardium
• Great vessels include the jugular veins, superior and inferior vena cava, and pulmonary arteries

Neck Veins and Dehydration

• Patients with dehydration or volume depletion often have barely visible neck veins (flat neck veins) when lying down

Sounds During Auscultation

• Bruits: swooshing sounds similar to blood pressure sounds, audible when an artery is partially blocked
• Murmurs: blowing/swooshing sounds caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart or great vessels
• Gallop sounds: additional heart sounds (S3 or S4) indicative of heart failure or volume overload. Summation gallop refers to presence of both S3 and S4.

Steps Prior to Lung Auscultation

• Ensure a quiet environment
• Listen from the top of the lungs, alternating between left and right sides

Vascular and Systemic Topics

Causes of Arteriosclerosis

• Aging
• Hypertension
• High cholesterol
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Risk factors for Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) include family history, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, lack of exercise, and use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy

Complications of Hypertension

• Stroke
• Myocardial infarction
• Heart failure
• Chronic kidney disease
• Retinopathy

Breast Lump Documentation

• Location (clock position and distance from nipple)
• Size (cm)
• Shape (round, irregular)
• Consistency (firm, soft)
• Mobility (fixed or movable)
• Tenderness
• Skin changes (dimpling, redness)

Spleen, Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas Function

• Spleen: red blood cell graveyard, filters blood
• Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile for fat emulsification
• Liver: produces and secretes bile, metabolic functions, converts glucose to glycogen, produces clotting factors, and detoxifies drugs/alcohol
• Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon

Assessment of Pain

• Assess tender areas last
• PQRST (Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Timing) to evaluate pain lasting more than 6 hours or waking patients up
• Palpate (touch) for tenderness or masses

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

• More common in women with smaller bone frames (white individuals)
• Smoking
• Calcium deficiency
• High salt intake
• Alcohol use
• Physical inactivity

Abduction vs Adduction

• Abduction: movement away from the body's center
• Adduction: movement toward the body's center

Mental Status Deterioration Symptoms

• Headache
• Weakness
• Blurred vision
• Impaired motor function
• Impaired speech
• Decreased level of consciousness (LOC)

Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

• Enlargement of the prostate gland due to hormonal changes.
• Leads to urinary obstruction

Contraindications for Hormonal Contraceptives

• Nicotine intake should be avoided for patients over 35 using estrogen/progesterone
• Hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

Ectopic Pregnancy

• Fertilization of an ovum outside the uterine endometrium
• Initial symptom mimicking early pregnancy

Newborn Reflexes

• Moro (startle reflex): response to sudden noise or feeling of falling
• Rooting reflex: turning the head toward stimulation of the cheek
• Stepping reflex: flexion and extension of legs in an apparent walking pattern
• Babinski reflex: hyperextension of toes when stroking the foot's sole

Respiratory Distress in Infants

• Grunting
• Nasal flaring
• Intercostal/subcostal retractions
• Increased work of breathing

Adolescent Sexual Activity Assessment

• Assessment of risk factors for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Normal Skin Assessment

• Skin warm, dry, intact, consistent with patient's ethnicity, no lesions noted

Tracheal Deviation Causes

• Pneumothorax
• Mass
• Atelectasis
• Pleural effusion
• Tension pneumothorax (requires immediate needle decompression)

Lung Consolidation (Pneumonia)

• Dull percussion over affected lung area
• Presence of wheezes, crackles, gurgles, and purulent sputum

Older Adult Medication Dosing Considerations

• Decreased renal/hepatic function affects medication metabolism/excretion
• Increased sensitivity to medications due to body composition changes

General Survey of Health Assessment

• Physical appearance (age, sex, LOC, skin color, facial features, body structure, symmetry, weight, stature)
• Mobility (gait, range of motion, assistive devices)
• Behavior (mood, affect, speech, dress, hygiene)

Assessing the Airway, Breathing, and Circulation (ABCs) in Emergencies

• Airway concerns (obstruction, stridor)
• Breathing assessment (effectiveness)
• Circulation assessment (hypotension, dysrhythmias, decreased cardiac output)

Performing a PERRLA Exam

• Inspect external eye structures (no ptosis, clear sclerae)
• Inspect pupil size (equal, round) reactivity to light and accommodation (PERRLA)
• Check for impaired vision
• Palpate external eye structures (no swelling or redness)

Assessing Cortical Sensory Function

• Stereognosis: identify objects in the palm with eyes closed
• Graphesthesia: identify numbers traced on the hand

Rapid Hand Movements

• Test cerebellar function (upper and lower extremities)

COPD Risk Factors

• Tobacco smoking

This quiz covers the twelve cranial nerves, detailing their specific functions related to sensory and motor activities. Additionally, it addresses the anatomical location of the heart and great vessels within the thoracic mediastinum. Test your knowledge on these key topics in human anatomy!