L3. Neuroscience - Meninges, Ventricular System, Dural Venous Sinuses

<p>Proximal part (Cervical part) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 85% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal cortical lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lining the ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the occipital and temporal cortical lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertebral arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic chiasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior communicating artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6th week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhombencephalon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tear in a bridging vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crescent-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rise of intracranial pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outside the brain tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically slow-growing and benign. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruptured cerebral aneurysm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to a rise in intracranial pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500-700 ml/day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foramen of Magendie and foramen of Luschka (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of CSF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrocephalus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buoyancy and cushioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to a pressure gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports the choroid plexus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arachnoid granulations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displacement of a cortical hemisphere to the opposite side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Backup of CSF into the third and lateral ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tonsillar herniation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of the lateral ventricles due to obstruction in the cerebral aqueduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcalvarial herniation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular enlargement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The growth of telencephalon, which houses the developing cerebral cortex, results in the formation of the C-shaped lateral ventricles, with the right and left hemispheres expanding anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, and inferiorly.

The lateral ventricle is connected to the third ventricle through two openings called the interventricular foramina (of Monro).

The frontal horn, located within the frontal lobe, is the most anterior portion of the lateral ventricle. It's roof is formed by the corpus callosum and its medial wall by the septum pellucidum.

The central part of the lateral ventricle, called the body, is primarily associated with the parietal lobe. Its roof is formed by the corpus callosum.

The region where the occipital and temporal horns meet creates the atrium or trigone.

The most posterior portion of the lateral ventricle, located inside the occipital lobe, the occipital horn extends into the posterior part of the brain.

The inferior horn, located within the temporal lobe, extends down into the regions responsible for auditory processing and memory.

A delicate membrane called the choroid plexus, responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid, passes from the lateral ventricle into the third ventricle through the interventricular foramina.

A ring of arteries located at the base of the brain that provides an alternative route for blood flow if one of the main arteries is blocked.

The anterior communicating artery (ACoA) connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries, providing a critical connection between the two hemispheres.

The posterior communicating arteries (PCAs) connect the internal carotid arteries with the posterior cerebral arteries, ensuring a consistent blood supply to the posterior brain.

The early development of the brain involves a series of stages where a simple tube differentiates into five different brain regions.

The telencephalon, the most anterior part of the brain, develops into structures like the cerebral cortex, responsible for higher cognitive function, and the hippocampus, crucial for memory formation.

The diencephalon gives rise to the thalamus, a relay center for sensory information, and the hypothalamus, responsible for regulating essential functions like hunger and sleep.

The mesencephalon, or midbrain, develops into the tectum, involved in visual and auditory processing, and the cerebral aqueduct, a small channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

The rhombencephalon, the hindbrain, develops into the metencephalon, which gives rise to the pons and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon, which gives rise to the medulla oblongata, responsible for vital functions like breathing and heartbeat.

A collection of blood that forms between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, often caused by a tear in a bridging vein.

A collection of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater, typically caused by a tear in an artery.

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm or a torn artery/vein.

A benign tumor that grows slowly and arises from arachnoid cells at points where blood vessels and nerves pass through the dura mater.

The dura mater is a tough, fibrous membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

The arachnoid mater is a delicate, web-like membrane that lies beneath the dura mater.

The pia mater is a thin, vascular membrane that clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

The space between the arachnoid and pia mater which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The absence of valves in veins within the cavernous sinus allows infections to spread rapidly throughout other sinuses and veins of the brain.

Atherosclerosis can lead to narrowing of the carotid artery, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing risk of stroke.

A procedure to remove atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid artery, improving blood flow to the brain.

The most common cause of ischemic stroke is an embolus blocking blood flow to the brain, often originating from an atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery.

The carotid bulb is a widened part of the internal carotid artery, a common site for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

Fluid produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles of the brain.

The thin membrane lining the ventricles of the brain that assists production of CSF.

The rate at which CSF is produced, around 20-30 ml per hour.

The pathway of CSF flow, beginning in the lateral ventricles and ending in the subarachnoid space.

The three openings in the 4th ventricle that allow CSF to exit into the subarachnoid space.

The process of CSF absorption into the bloodstream, primarily via the arachnoid granulations.

Projections of the arachnoid mater into the superior sagittal sinus, serving as the main site of CSF reabsorption.

Any increase in the brain's volume, such as from a blood clot, tumor, or fluid buildup, can cause pressure inside the skull. Since the skull is rigid, this pressure can squeeze and displace the brain tissue.

Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain. This buildup can cause pressure on the brain and damage brain tissue.

A blockage in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) out of the brain's ventricles is a major cause of hydrocephalus. This can be due to tumors, clots, or other blockages in the CSF pathways.

Hydrocephalus can also occur if the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not properly reabsorbed into the bloodstream. The arachnoid granulations, responsible for reabsorption, can be blocked, preventing CSF from leaving the brain.

Obstructive hydrocephalus is a type of hydrocephalus where the flow of CSF is blocked within the ventricular system. This blockage can be caused by tumors, cysts, clots, or other obstructions.

Aqueductal stenosis is a specific type of obstructive hydrocephalus. It occurs when the cerebral aqueduct, a narrow channel in the midbrain, is blocked. This blockage prevents CSF from flowing from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle, leading to a buildup of fluid in the third and lateral ventricles.

Transcalvarial herniation is a type of brain herniation where the brain tissue escapes the cranial cavity through a fracture in the skull. This is usually caused by severe trauma to the head.

Tonsillar herniation occurs when the cerebellar tonsils, the lower parts of the cerebellum, are pushed through the foramen magnum, an opening at the base of the skull, and into the spinal canal. This can compress the medulla oblongata, a vital area in the brainstem, and pose a serious threat to life.