62 Questions
What is a significant obstacle in developing Monoclonal Antibodies for bacterial infections?
Host-related obstacles and the unique properties of the product
What is the most extensively studied Polymyxin for its effectiveness against CRAB isolates in laboratory conditions?
Colistin
What is the primary factor contributing to the death of critically ill patients?
Nosocomial pneumonia
What is the minimum percentage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii in recent decades?
80%
What is the main reason for the significance of synergy testing in treating infections caused by bacteria resistant to all single-drug treatment choices?
To determine the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies
What is the percentage of antibiotics administered by doctors that are believed to be unnecessary?
Over 50%
What is the name of the polymyxin that has been established as a prominent treatment option for many illnesses?
Polymyxin E
What is the term used to describe the combination of Polymyxin and Rifampicin that demonstrated a significant level of synergism against A. baumannii?
Synergism
What is the term used to describe Acinetobacter species that are resistant to all single-drug treatment choices?
Pan drug-resistant (PDR)
What is the name of the bacterial strain that is known for its elevated virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents?
A. baumannii
What is the main difference between Zidebactam and Avibactam?
Avibactam is a 1st generation BLs and Zidebactam is a 2nd generation BLs
What is the primary target of Sulbactam in the treatment of CRAB infections?
Penicillin-binding Proteins (PBPs) 1 and 3
What is the advantage of using Durlobactam with Sulbactam in the treatment of CRAB infections?
It reduces the dose of Sulbactam required
What is the current status of the Sulbactam/Durlobactam antibiotic?
It has completed phase 3 clinical trials but has not been approved by the FDA
What is the main limitation of using Bacteriophage Therapy (BT) to treat bacterial diseases?
There is a lack of knowledge regarding human infections
What is the goal of modifying the composition of Phage strains in Bacteriophage Therapy (BT)?
To develop more potent and effective treatments for MDR-GNB and MDR-GPB
What is the primary advantage of using Phage Concoctions containing two Phage Strains in Bacteriophage Therapy (BT)?
It leads to 'Sanitation of the infected areas' in 54 to 62.5 percent of individuals
What is the current focus of research on Sulbactam/Zidebactam in other experimental models?
PDR-CRAB isolates
What is the main difference between Relebactam and Avibactam when combined with Sulbactam against Sulbactam-resistant CRAB infections?
Relebactam is less effective than Avibactam
What is the main goal of developing novel antimicrobial agents?
To improve the management of Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
What type of enzymes does Avibactam inhibit?
Class A, Class C, and some Class D enzymes
Why do CRAB isolates typically produce other Serine β-Lactamases?
To reduce the effectiveness of commonly administered β-Lactam Antibiotics
What happens when Avibactam is combined with Sulbactam against Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter clinical isolates?
The effectiveness of Sulbactam is restored
What was observed in 89% of the isolates in the May 2021 study when using Sulbactam/Avibactam?
A decrease in Sulbactam MICs of 2 dilutions
What is Sulbactam a substrate for?
Class C and Class D enzymes
How many CRAB isolates were tested against Sulbactam/Avibactam and Sulbactam/Relebactam combinations in the May 2021 study?
187 CRAB isolates
What method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of Sulbactam and Fosfomycin?
Agar dilution
What was the outcome of combining Colistin with Sulbactam or Fosfomycin?
Decreased MIC of Colistin against CRAB isolates
What was the result of using Colistin as a monotherapy in treating A. baumannii infection?
Higher risk of nephrotoxicity
What was the outcome of combining Colistin with Sulbactam or Fosfomycin in treating A. baumannii infection?
Increased microbiological response and decreased nephrotoxicity
What was the percentage of CRAB isolates that showed susceptibility to Sulbactam?
20%
What was the range of MIC values for Colistin in the study?
0.75-2 µg/ml
What was the focus of the laboratory study evaluating antibiotic combinations against CR-GNB?
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics
What was the outcome of combining Imipenem with Amikacin or Tobramycin in treating P. aeruginosa infection?
Enhanced bactericidal effectiveness
What was the result of the network meta-analysis evaluating bactericidal efficacy and re-growth rate in K. pneumoniae?
Polymyxin/Rifampicin showed superior bactericidal effectiveness
What was the frequency of triple combinations showing enhanced efficacy in treating pan-drug-resistant A. baumannii?
Some combinations showed synergistic effects
What is the main limitation of in vivo PK/PD models?
Antibiotic PK differences from humans
What is the consequence of using Tigecycline as a single treatment?
Worse clinical response
What is the purpose of MDR GNB animal models?
To select the dose and dosing interval of antibiotics
What is the advantage of using Colistin over Tigecycline?
Higher microbiological success rates
What is the limitation of small-scale clinical investigations?
Limited population size
What is the purpose of the Limited Population Antibacterial Drug pathway?
To enable regulatory submission for antibiotic approval
What is a consequence of improper administration of Colistin and inappropriate prescription?
Proliferation of Colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including A. baumannii
How does Polymyxin B differ from Colistin in terms of pharmacokinetics?
Polymyxin B achieves stable blood levels without dosage adjustments
What is the inactive form of Polymyxin B?
Colistimethate
Why is it essential to provide greater doses of Colistin?
To compensate for elimination of CMS before activation
What is a benefit of using Polymyxin B over Colistin?
Reduced risk of kidney damage
What is the aim of optimizing antimicrobial treatment?
To reduce antibiotic resistance
What is the result of progressive elevation of Colistin concentrations?
Accelerated Polymyxin resistance
What is the primary objective of the Monte Carlo simulation study?
To analyze the most effective dosage regimens of Colistin
What is the significance of comprehending the AMR profile?
To provide more precise advice for prescribing suitable antibiotics
What is the global concern related to antibiotic resistance?
The worldwide incidence of antibiotic resistance
What is the primary concern with using Polymyxin monotherapy?
It may not be sufficient to effectively kill bacteria and may cause kidney damage
What is the significance of the MIC of Polymyxins exceeding 2 µg/m?
It reduces the effectiveness of Polymyxins against A. baumannii
What is the primary reason for the IDSA's preference for Polymyxin B over Colistin?
Polymyxin B has a more advantageous pharmacokinetic profile
What is the result of the RCT comparing Ampicillin/Sulbactam with Colistin in treating VAP caused by CRAB?
There was no significant difference in mortality, clinical failure, or microbiological failure
What is the outcome of the retrospective cohort study comparing low-dose Colistin with Ampicillin/Sulbactam in treating CRAB VAP?
Colistin was associated with a higher all-cause death rate and microbiological failure rate
What is the significance of the ESCMID guidelines' comparison of Ampicillin/Sulbactam with Colistin?
The guidelines highlight the comparable outcomes between Ampicillin/Sulbactam and Colistin
What is the significance of the small randomized controlled trial comparing Ampicillin/Sulbactam with Colistin?
Ampicillin/Sulbactam was associated with a significant benefit in terms of 14-day and 28-day death rates
What is the primary limitation of using Polymyxins in treating systemic infections?
The doses required to treat systemic infections are close to the point where kidney damage may occur
What is the significance of in vitro synergy evaluation in choosing combinations of antibiotics?
It is necessary to examine the efficacy and safety of various combinations
What is the preferred treatment for UTIs caused by CRAB, according to the IDSA guidelines?
Colistin
Learn about the treatment options for Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infections, including the use of β-Lactam β-Lactamase inhibitors and non-β-Lactam β-Lactamase inhibitors combinations. Understand the role of OXA Carbapenemases and Serine β-Lactamases in resistance to β-Lactam antibiotics.
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