CPS2822 Week 3: Terrorism Insights
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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor influencing a terrorist's involvement in their activities?

  • Gradual socialization into the group processes (correct)
  • Conscious decision-making from the beginning
  • Random encounters with extremist ideologies
  • Immediate psychological motivation

What characterizes the setting of hostage-taking incidents according to the content?

  • They are always premeditated terrorist attacks
  • They are more likely in domestic situations and robberies (correct)
  • They usually forget to follow established rules
  • They predominantly occur in international conflict zones

What should be observed to understand a hostage taker's motives?

  • Their adherence to general criminal law
  • The geographical location of the incident
  • Their personal affiliations and hobbies
  • Behavioral clues within the crisis situation (correct)

Which of the following statements accurately describes rules in hostage-taking situations?

<p>Two sets of rules dictate behavior in these circumstances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does planning influence the determination of terrorists during hostage incidents?

<p>Planning indicates the level of preparedness and determination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological factor best describes an enduring attitude of hostility towards out-groups and submission to authority?

<p>Authoritarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological need is commonly associated with terrorist recruits, facilitating their involvement?

<p>Sense of belonging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characterized by an absolutistic view of morality and right versus wrong?

<p>Fundamentalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do terrorist organizations maintain the motivation of potential suicide bombers?

<p>Through indoctrination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of commitment may a terrorist use to express their intention to carry out a suicide mission?

<p>A video-recording (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common background factor among individuals who become involved in terrorism?

<p>Childhood trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological concept involves a closed system of thought that's resistant to change?

<p>Dogmatism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of terrorism suggests that psychological factors alone are insufficient to understand terrorist behavior?

<p>Situational contexts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily challenging about distinguishing terrorist violence from other forms of criminal violence?

<p>It relies on the violence's objective and motivations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criteria mentioned for considering a government legitimate?

<p>International consensus on its legitimacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of terrorist attacks, which option describes the use of victims for negotiation purposes?

<p>Terrorist attacks as means (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception about terrorists is addressed in the content?

<p>All terrorists have a specific personality type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social psychological research suggest about the behavior of individuals involved in extreme actions?

<p>Their behavior is often rational rather than irrational. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the consensus in research, what role does mental abnormality play in understanding terrorist attackers?

<p>It is not an important consideration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surprising characteristic is noted about women in relation to terrorism?

<p>There is a significant number of female suicide bombers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misbelief regarding the characteristics of terrorists?

<p>They often exhibit extreme personality defects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mirroring in hostage negotiation?

<p>To allow the hostage taker to express emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill encourages the hostage taker to elaborate on their feelings and situation?

<p>Open-ended questions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'I' messages intended to convey in hostage negotiation?

<p>The negotiator's personal feelings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of teaching hostage negotiation skills in police training programs?

<p>Active listening skills are rarely practiced in real situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the nature of models related to hostage negotiation processes?

<p>They are predominantly theoretically based (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of role-play in hostage negotiation training is to develop which skill?

<p>Active listening skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of hostage negotiation is primarily focused on the emotions of the hostage taker?

<p>Emotional labeling by the negotiator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are necessary psychological skills for hostage negotiation typically developed?

<p>Via role-play and enactments of scenarios (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the new wave of terrorist groups compared to earlier ones?

<p>They use excessive violence without concern for public perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines terrorism?

<p>The use of violence and intimidation for political or religious motives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes research in terrorism from that in other psychological areas?

<p>It often stems from disciplines like politics and sociology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the motivation behind terrorism?

<p>Terrorism can be driven solely by economic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a wave of modern terrorism?

<p>Environmental terrorism in the 1990s. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main issue does terrorism research face according to experts?

<p>Data collection methods are often ineffective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of suicide terrorism noted in recent studies?

<p>It represents a departure from earlier methods of terrorism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is emphasized in hostage negotiation incidents?

<p>Active listening skills and building rapport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of negotiation models in hostage situations?

<p>To provide a shared framework for understanding and navigating complex scenarios (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of hostage negotiation involves building personal relationships and trust?

<p>Phase 2: Establishing rapport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase are negotiators advised to reassure hostage takers about their safety?

<p>Phase 3: Persuading to free hostages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What communication skills are essential during Phase 2 of hostage negotiation?

<p>Active listening and sharing emotional information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical aspect of Phase 4 in hostage negotiation?

<p>Providing clear and safe surrender instructions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the negotiation phases?

<p>Negotiators should always start with detailed questions about the incident. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common challenge is faced during Phase 4 of the negotiation?

<p>Ensuring safety while giving surrender instructions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important outcome of successful negotiation in the context of hostage situations?

<p>Fostering positive regard and potential friendship with the hostage taker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Terrorism

The use of violence and intimidation to disrupt or coerce a government or community, driven by a specific political or religious motivation.

Terrorist act

A violent act intended to create fear and disrupt the social order, often with a political or social agenda.

Terrorist group

A group or individual employing tactics of violence and intimidation to achieve specific political or ideological aims.

Suicide terrorism

A type of terrorism where individuals deliberately kill themselves and others in a violent act. It is often motivated by religious or political beliefs.

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Religious Terrorism

A wave of terrorism centered around religious beliefs and motivations, beginning in the 1980s.

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Indiscriminate Violence in Terrorism

The deliberate use of non-discriminatory, excessive, and mass violence in terrorist attacks.

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Terrorism Research

The study of terrorism, often focusing on the psychological factors that contribute to terrorism.

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Challenges in Terrorism Research

The difficulty in applying traditional psychological research methods to terrorism due to limited access, ethical concerns, and unique contexts.

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Fundamentalism

A rigid belief system emphasizing absolute right and wrong, often based on religious dogma.

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Authoritarianism

An enduring negative attitude towards out-groups, while being submissive to authority and conventional norms.

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Dogmatism

A closed system of thought, resistant to change, characterized by strongly held beliefs and disbeliefs.

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Apocalypticism

Belief in a future cataclysmic event, with only a select few informed and prepared for it.

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Indoctrination

The process of instilling beliefs and values into an individual, often using persuasion and manipulation.

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Group Commitment

The mutual commitment of members within a group to carry out a task, especially a dangerous or risky one.

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Personal Commitment

A personal pledge or promise made by an individual, often through actions or statements.

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Belonging & Identity

A sense of belonging and identity can be crucial motivators in recruitment, stemming from underlying needs.

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Defining "Terrorism"

Terrorist violence is difficult to distinguish from other crimes because it depends on the goals of the attacker and their motivations. This creates an issue because it's subjective who gets to decide whether an act was terrorism or not.

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Terrorism as Threat

A strategy where terrorists use violence to intimidate people and societies. The primary goal isn't to inflict casualties, but to create fear and pressure.

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Terrorism as Means

Terrorist violence used as a bargaining tool to achieve a specific political goal. The victims are used as leverage in negotiations.

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Terrorism as Violence

Terrorist attacks primarily focused on inflicting harm and causing casualties directly. The goal is to hurt or kill as many people as possible.

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Terrorist Personality?

A common misconception that attempts to explain terrorist behavior by claiming that terrorists suffer from mental illness or personality disorders. However, research shows this isn't true.

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Milgram's Experiment

A field study where participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person, demonstrating how individuals can be influenced by authority and situations to commit seemingly immoral acts.

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Consensus on Terrorist Behavior

Research consistently shows that there's no specific "terrorist personality" and that mental disorders are not the main driving force behind terrorism.

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Terrorists as Normal People

The misconception that terrorists are inherently psychopathic or have personality disorders. This is incorrect, as terrorists are often ordinary people influenced by social factors and beliefs.

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Terrorist Socialization

Terrorists don't suddenly decide to become terrorists; they gradually get involved in a process that leads them to terrorist activities.

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Group Processes in Terrorism

The ways in which groups influence individual behavior, especially in the context of terrorism.

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Hostage-Taking as a Terrorist Technique

Hostage-taking is a common tactic in domestic situations and robberies, sometimes used by terrorists.

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Hostage Crisis Negotiations

Hostage crises require specific approaches, utilizing psychological understanding to negotiate effectively.

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Rules in Hostage Situations

Hostage situations have a set of rules both unique to the situation and based on everyday behavior.

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Mirroring in Hostage Negotiation

A strategy used in negotiations where the negotiator repeats key words or phrases from the hostage taker's statements to show understanding and empathy.

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Open-Ended Questions in Hostage Negotiation

Active listening technique where the negotiator asks open-ended questions to encourage the hostage taker to elaborate on their thoughts and feelings.

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I-Messages in Hostage Negotiation

Non-confrontational statements used by the negotiator to express their personal feelings and reactions in relation to the hostage taker's words or actions.

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Emotion Labeling in Hostage Negotiation

A negotiation strategy that involves recognizing and acknowledging the emotional state of the hostage taker, helping to build understanding and empathy.

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Active Listening in Hostage Negotiation

Active listening techniques like mirroring, open-ended questions, and 'I' messages are crucial for building rapport, understanding, and trust with the hostage taker.

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Hostage Negotiation Training

Hostage negotiation is a teachable skill that is part of police training. This involves role-playing and simulating real-life scenarios to develop critical negotiation skills.

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Active Listening in Practice

While active listening skills are crucial for effective hostage negotiation, research suggests these skills are not always consistently implemented in real-world situations.

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Negotiation Models in Hostage Situations

Negotiation models, often based on theoretical frameworks, offer insights into the dynamic process of hostage negotiation.

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Building Rapport

Building a personal connection with the hostage taker through active listening, sharing personal information, and demonstrating respect. This phase aims to establish trust and open communication.

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Influencing

Focuses on negotiating a peaceful resolution by persuading the hostage taker to release the hostages safely. This phase involves offering reassurance, making proposals, and exploring options for a positive outcome.

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Establishing Initial Dialogue

The initial phase of hostage negotiation, setting the stage for successful communication. It involves establishing a safe and neutral environment, showing respect for the hostage taker's perspective, and gathering information.

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Surrender

The final, and potentially most risky, phase of hostage negotiation. It involves providing clear instructions for the hostage taker's safe surrender, ensuring a peaceful outcome and minimizing harm to everyone involved.

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Madrigal's Negotiation Model

A negotiation model that outlines four distinct phases: Establishing initial dialogue, Building rapport, Influencing, and Surrender. Each phase involves specific techniques and communication strategies designed to resolve a crisis peacefully.

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Study Notes

CPS2822: Terrorism and Hostage Taking Incidents - Week 3

  • Course: CPS2822, Terrorism and Hostage Taking Incidents, Week 3, Psychology Department
  • University: University of York, Europe Campus, City College
  • Outline topics: Terrorism and Background Information, Nature of Terrorism, Terrorist Personality/Psychopathology, Hostage Negotiation Incidents, Underlying rules, active listening skills, Models of hostage negotiation

Terrorism

  • Historical review (Post et al., 2014): Four distinct waves of modern terrorism starting at the end of the Victorian period
    • Anarchist wave (Russia, 1880s)
    • Nationalist/separatist/anti-colonialist (dominant between WWI and WWII)
    • Social-revolutionary new left (began in the 1960s)
    • Religious-based (1980s)
  • Recent terrorist groups differ from earlier ones; they often prioritize alienation of the public, employing indiscriminate violence without warning.
  • Growth of suicide terrorism

Research on Terrorism

  • Research intense in the last 40 years, but much lacks scientific rigor (Borum, 2004).
  • Data collection methods for psychological research often inadequate in this context.
  • Research often ignored by mainstream psychology; other disciplines like politics and sociology are more relevant.
  • Recent increase in sophistication of terrorism research.

Nature of Terrorism

  • Terrorism: Use of violence and intimidation to disrupt or coerce a government or community, driven by political or religious motivations.
  • Differentiation from criminal violence is complicated depends on the violence's objectives and motivations, and who is making the judgement call.
  • There is no universal definition or international consensus.
  • Three types of terrorist attacks:
    • Threat
    • Means
    • Violence

Mental Health and Personality Problems in Terrorism

  • No "terrorist personality" or psychopathology.
  • Temptation to label extreme actions as mental illness to justify behavior.
  • Terrorists are typically not pathological; they are normal people performing extremist actions.
  • Relationship between male sex and violence does exist.
  • Surprising high number of female suicide bombers.
  • Social psychological research suggests rationality rather than irrationality in terrorist behaviors, like the Milgram experiment.

Worldviews

  • Key worldviews that may influence terrorism:
    • Authoritarianism: enduring hostility towards out-groups, submissiveness to authority.
    • Fundamentalism: absolutistic religious thinking, categorical morality.
    • Dogmatism: closed system of thought, resistant to change.
    • Apocalypticism: belief in a future cataclysmic event, major change.

What Makes a Terrorist?

  • Psychological motivations are complex human needs like belonging and identity.
  • Histories of childhood trauma, injustice, and humiliation are common.

Hostage-Taking Incidents

  • Hostage taking is often a terrorist tactic, more prevalent in domestic situations and robberies.
  • Negotiations require understanding underlying rules.
  • Negotiation behaviour is bound by rules that include everyday norms.

Hostage Negotiation

  • Majority (82%) of incidents are resolved without injury or death (Flood, 2003).
  • Modern negotiation techniques (like those introduced by Bolz and Schlossberg) are effective.
  • Fundamental approach: containing the hostage taker, understanding motivations, and active listening skills.
  • Active listening skills are crucial.

Models of Hostage Negotiation

  • Negotiation models are often theoretical, not empirical.
  • Purpose: conceptual clarity, shared understanding.
  • Models should be flexible and adaptable to specific circumstances.
  • Madrigal et al. (2009) model includes phases like establishing dialogue, building rapport, influencing, and surrender.

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CPS2822: Terrorism and Hostage Taking Incidents PDF

Description

Explore the complex nature of terrorism and hostage-taking incidents in this CPS2822 Week 3 quiz. Delve into the psychological aspects, terrorist personality traits, and the strategies involved in hostage negotiations, supported by historical perspectives on modern terrorism.

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