Questions and Answers
What is the duty to act in an emergency for professional rescuers?
To respond to an emergency and provide care.
What is the duty to fulfill these duties could result in legal action?
Bloodborne pathogens are found almost everywhere in the environment, such as in blood and other potentially infectious material (OPIM), like other body fluids, which can cause disease in ________.
humans
What does the American Red Cross CPR/AED for Professional Rescuers program train individuals to respond to?
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The emergency care procedures outlined in the program materials reflect the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Consensus on Science and Treatment Recommendations.
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The care steps outlined in the handbook are consistent with the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Consensus on Science and Treatment Recommendations, also known as ______.
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Name one of the restrictions imposed by the American Red Cross on the use of the program materials.
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What are the signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B?
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Which infectious materials are associated with Hepatitis B transmission?
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Hepatitis C is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States.
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HIV attacks white blood cells and weakens the body's immune system, making it more susceptible to opportunistic ____________.
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How can indirect contact transmission occur?
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The risk of infection from hepatitis B is higher compared to hepatitis C after a needlestick exposure.
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Standard precautions combine universal precautions and body substance isolation (BSI) precautions based on the assumption that all body fluids may be __________.
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Match the following Personal Protective Equipment with the recommended tasks or activities:
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What is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of infection?
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Which of the following is an example of work practice controls?
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If you are splashed with blood, it is recommended to flush around your mouth or nose with water.
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If you are exposed to a bloodborne pathogen, immediately clean the contaminated area thoroughly with soap and ______.
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What should you do if you are exposed to a bloodborne pathogen?
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What are the critical steps to ensure safety when responding to an emergency?
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You should always move a victim to a safe location, even if it's not necessary.
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What is the goal of sizing up the scene?
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What should you do if you see severe life-threatening bleeding?
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When should you move a victim?
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You should always lift a victim using your back.
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What does the AVPU mnemonic stand for?
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When should you summon EMS personnel?
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What is the purpose of checking for breathing and pulse in an unresponsive victim?
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How long should you check for breathing and a pulse in an unresponsive victim?
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It is important to continue assessing the breathing of a victim who is able to speak.
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Agonal breaths are a sign of ____________.
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What method should be used for a victim with a suspected head, neck, or spinal injury when giving ventilations?
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When responding to an unresponsive child younger than about age 12, and you did not witness the collapse, should you Call First or Care First?
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Always treat life-threatening situations first during a primary assessment.
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To remove disposable gloves without spreading germs, one should never touch bare skin with the outside of the gloves, but instead pinch the glove near the ____________.
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Study Notes
The Professional Rescuer
- A professional rescuer has a job-related duty to act in an emergency and provide care, which can be crucial in determining whether a seriously injured or ill victim survives.
Legal Considerations
- Adults who are awake and alert have the right to accept or refuse care, and consent can be obtained verbally or through a gesture.
- If the victim is a minor, consent must be obtained from a parent or guardian, if available; otherwise, consent is implied.
- When providing care, rescuers may learn private and confidential information about the victim, which should only be shared with personnel directly associated with the victim's medical care.
- To obtain consent, rescuers should: • Identify themselves to the victim (or parent/guardian for a minor) • State their level of training • Explain what they observe • Explain what they plan to do • Ask for permission to provide care
- If a victim is unresponsive, has an altered mental status, or is unable to give consent, rescuers should provide care based on implied consent.
Before Providing Care
- Rescuers should always document the care they provide, including: • The events that took place • The care provided • The facts discovered after the incident occurred
- Documenting care establishes a written record of the events and helps to protect rescuers from potential legal action.
Bloodborne Pathogens
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Pathogens can spread through contact with infected blood and bodily fluids.
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Preventing the spread of bloodborne pathogens involves: • Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and masks • Washing hands thoroughly • Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and equipment • Properly disposing of contaminated materials
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If exposed to bloodborne pathogens, rescuers should take immediate action, including washing the affected area and seeking medical attention.### Providing Emergency Care
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Negligence: failure to follow a reasonable standard of care, causing or contributing to injury or damage
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Refusal of Care: a competent victim's indication that a responder may not provide care, which must be honored
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Abandonment: discontinuing care once it has begun, which is not allowed; responders must continue care until someone with equal or more advanced training takes over
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Confidentiality: the principle that information learned while providing care to a victim is private and should not be shared with anyone except personnel directly associated with the victim's medical care
Bloodborne Pathogens
- Bloodborne pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, present in blood and other potentially infectious material (OPIM) can cause disease in humans
- Examples of bloodborne pathogens include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV
- These pathogens are found almost everywhere in the environment and can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected blood or OPIM
Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus
- Symptoms may include fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice
- The Hepatitis B vaccine provides immunity to the disease and is available to employees who may be exposed to the virus at work
Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the Hepatitis C virus
- Symptoms are similar to those of Hepatitis B and include fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice
- Currently, no vaccine exists against Hepatitis C, and no treatment is available to prevent infection after exposure
HIV
- HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
- HIV attacks white blood cells and destroys the body's ability to fight infection
- Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, night sweats, loss of appetite, swollen lymph glands, and significant weight loss
- Currently, there is no vaccine against HIV
How Pathogens Spread
- For any disease to be spread, including bloodborne diseases, all four of the following conditions must be met:
- A pathogen is present
- A sufficient quantity of the pathogen is present to cause disease
- A person is susceptible to the pathogen
- The pathogen passes through a portal of entry (e.g., eyes, mouth, non-intact skin, or skin pierced by needlesticks)
- Direct contact transmission occurs when infected blood or OPIM from one person enters another person's body
- Indirect contact transmission occurs when a person touches an object that contains the blood or OPIM of an infected person, and the pathogens enter through a portal of entry
Preventing the Spread of Bloodborne Pathogens
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OSHA regulations require employers to follow guidelines to protect employees from disease transmission, including reducing or removing hazards from the workplace that may place employees in contact with infectious materials
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Employers must also provide employees with information and training on how to safely dispose of needles and other contaminated materials### Employers' Responsibilities
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Employers must protect employees from bloodborne pathogens by: • Identifying positions or tasks covered by the standard • Creating an exposure control plan to minimize the possibility of exposure • Developing and putting into action a written schedule for cleaning and decontaminating the workplace • Offering the opportunity for employees to get the hepatitis B vaccination at no cost • Establishing clear procedures for reporting an exposure incident • Creating a system of recordkeeping
Exposure Control Plan
- The exposure control plan is a written program outlining: • Protective measures to eliminate or minimize employee exposure incidents • How to respond if an exposure occurs • How the employer will meet other OSHA requirements, such as recordkeeping
Standard Precautions
- Standard precautions are safety measures that combine universal precautions and body substance isolation (BSI) precautions
- They are based on the assumption that all body fluids may be infectious
- Standard precautions can be applied through the use of: • Personal protective equipment (PPE) • Good hand hygiene • Engineering controls • Work practice controls • Proper equipment cleaning • Spill clean-up procedures
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- PPE includes all specialized clothing, equipment, and supplies that prevent direct contact with infected materials
- Examples of PPE include: • Breathing barriers • Nitrile latex-free disposable gloves • Gowns • Masks • Shields • Protective eyewear
Hand Hygiene
- Hand washing is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of infection
- Wash hands with anti-bacterial soap and water as soon as possible
- Wash hands before and after providing care, if possible
- Wear nitrile, latex-free disposable gloves when providing care
- Change gloves before providing care to a different victim
Engineering Controls and Work Practice Controls
- Engineering controls are objects used in the workplace that isolate or remove a hazard, reducing the risk of exposure
- Examples of engineering controls include: • Biohazard bags and labels • Sharps disposal containers • Safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered injury protections or needleless systems
- Work practice controls are methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident
- Examples of work practice controls include: • Disposing of sharp items in puncture-resistant, leak-proof, labeled containers • Cleaning and disinfecting all equipment and work surfaces soiled by blood or other body fluids
Equipment Cleaning and Spill Clean-Up
- Clean and disinfect all equipment and work surfaces soiled by blood or other body fluids
- Handle all soiled equipment, supplies, and other materials with care until they are properly cleaned and disinfected
- Use commercial blood spill kits to clean up spills
- Take the following steps to clean up spills: • Wear disposable gloves and other PPE • Clean up spills immediately, or as soon as possible, after the spill occurs • Flood the area with a fresh disinfectant solution • Use appropriate material to absorb the solution and dispose of it in a labeled biohazard container
If You Are Exposed
- If you are exposed to a bloodborne pathogen, immediately take the following steps: • Clean the contaminated area thoroughly with soap and water • Report the exposure incident to the appropriate supervisor immediately and to the EMS personnel when they take over the care of the victim • Document what happened, including the time and date of the exposure, as well as the circumstances of the exposure and any actions taken after the exposure • Seek immediate follow-up care as identified in your facility exposure control plan
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Description
This quiz is based on the participant's handbook for CPR/AED training for professional rescuers, covering essential skills and knowledge for responding to emergencies.
