CPPS 308 Final Exam Review

The maximum effect a drug can produce.

The lowest dose of a drug that produces a response.

A data acquisition system for biological signals.

Acquisition system used in pharmacology & physiology.

Includes author names, group name, and experiment title.

Background information on the experiment topic, in 2-3 paragraphs.

Purpose of the experiment, clearly stating what you are trying to find.

Detailed protocol used during the experiment (reproducible procedures).

Animal studies to assess a drug's safety and effectiveness before human trials.

A measure of a drug's safety; the ratio of toxic dose to effective dose.

How a drug affects the body.

How the body affects a drug.

Human testing of a drug's safety and effectiveness, with stages.

Government organizations ensuring drug safety and approval (e.g., FDA, EMA).

Series of steps a drug goes through to get approval for use.

Harmful effects of a drug.

Cells lining blood vessels that regulate blood flow and other functions.

Widening of blood vessels.

Narrowing of blood vessels.

Blood vessel smooth muscle relaxation caused by endothelial cells.

Reduced ability of blood vessels to relax in response to endothelial signals.

A vasodilator released by endothelial cells.

A vasodilator released by endothelial cells.

The process where smooth muscle cells in blood vessels loosen to allow blood flow.

The process where an embryo attaches to and embeds itself into the uterine wall, establishing a connection between the mother and fetus.

The window of time during the menstrual cycle when the uterus is prepared to receive and accommodate an embryo for successful implantation.

A multinucleated layer of cells formed from the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells. It plays a crucial role in invasion into the uterine wall.

The modified endometrial lining of the uterus during pregnancy. It is formed by the invasion of the syncytiotrophoblast and provides nourishment and support for the developing embryo.

The outermost layer of cells surrounding an embryo that are responsible for invasion and establishment of the placenta.

Implantation typically occurs between 5-9 days after fertilization and is complete by 10-12 days.

The embryo becomes sticky due to the activity of trophoblast cells.

Hormones play a critical role in preparing the uterus for implantation. They promote uterine receptivity.

A primary hormone produced by the fetal adrenal gland. It serves as a precursor for estradiol and estriol, which are important female sex hormones.

Hormones produced by the fetus, particularly in the adrenal glands. They play a role in fetal development and are converted into estrogens in the placenta.

The flow of blood between the mother and the fetus through the placenta, a vital connection for nutrient and gas exchange.

Important female sex hormones produced within the placenta. They are derived from fetal androgens and play a critical role in pregnancy.

The process of producing steroid hormones like DHEA, estradiol, and estriol. It occurs in the fetal adrenal gland and the placenta.

Techniques used to examine tissues and cells in their natural environment. Immunofluorescence is a commonly used example.

Immortalized or primary cell cultures that can be grown and studied in the lab. They provide a model system for understanding biological processes.

Living organisms, like mice, rats, or guinea pigs, used in experiments to study biological processes and test hypotheses.

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation independent of endothelial function.

Endothelial dysfunction refers to a reduced ability of blood vessels to relax in response to signals from endothelial cells.

The experiment aims to detect endothelial dysfunction in rat aortic rings by comparing the relaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that causes endothelium-dependent relaxation. It triggers the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.

ACh causes relaxation by stimulating endothelial cells, whereas SNP directly relaxes vascular smooth muscle.

The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains motor neurons, which send signals to muscles for voluntary movement.

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord receives sensory information from the body.

Acetylcholine, released by motor neurons, binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, triggering muscle contraction.

Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control of the central nervous system, meaning they are consciously controlled.

The frog rectus abdominis muscle is a classic model in pharmacology for studying muscle physiology and drug responses.