CPPS 308 Final Exam Review

<p>FDA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical trials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To acquire, store, and analyze biological data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may conduct inspections and site visits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Materials and Methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time taken for half of the drug to be eliminated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum effect achieved by the drug. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historical background of the research topic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug's selective effects on the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal digitization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A transducer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copied text from resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AIM/Objectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce estradiol and estriol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preserved and sectioned tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mice and rats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide insights into placental functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate live tissue behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human Trophoblasts, 8th clone with viral immortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To collate questions and knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inaccessibility of human tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining blood in a fluid state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitric oxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased relaxation of smooth muscle to agonist-induced relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing platelet aggregation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It functions as a vasodilator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influences on inflammation and cell proliferation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothelial dysfunction without smooth muscle impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish maternal-fetal contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Days 20-24 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To fuse and form the syncytiotrophoblast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is shed post-delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient hormonal preparation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes encapsulated within the uterine wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted into decidua (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect endothelial dysfunction due to hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emax and EC50 values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to describe dose-response curves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventral horn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze smooth muscle relaxation independently of the endothelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maximum effect a drug can produce.

The lowest dose of a drug that produces a response.

A data acquisition system for biological signals.

Acquisition system used in pharmacology & physiology.

Includes author names, group name, and experiment title.

Background information on the experiment topic, in 2-3 paragraphs.

Purpose of the experiment, clearly stating what you are trying to find.

Detailed protocol used during the experiment (reproducible procedures).

Animal studies to assess a drug's safety and effectiveness before human trials.

A measure of a drug's safety; the ratio of toxic dose to effective dose.

How a drug affects the body.

How the body affects a drug.

Human testing of a drug's safety and effectiveness, with stages.

Government organizations ensuring drug safety and approval (e.g., FDA, EMA).

Series of steps a drug goes through to get approval for use.

Harmful effects of a drug.

Cells lining blood vessels that regulate blood flow and other functions.

Widening of blood vessels.

Narrowing of blood vessels.

Blood vessel smooth muscle relaxation caused by endothelial cells.

Reduced ability of blood vessels to relax in response to endothelial signals.

A vasodilator released by endothelial cells.

A vasodilator released by endothelial cells.

The process where smooth muscle cells in blood vessels loosen to allow blood flow.

The process where an embryo attaches to and embeds itself into the uterine wall, establishing a connection between the mother and fetus.

The window of time during the menstrual cycle when the uterus is prepared to receive and accommodate an embryo for successful implantation.

A multinucleated layer of cells formed from the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells. It plays a crucial role in invasion into the uterine wall.

The modified endometrial lining of the uterus during pregnancy. It is formed by the invasion of the syncytiotrophoblast and provides nourishment and support for the developing embryo.

The outermost layer of cells surrounding an embryo that are responsible for invasion and establishment of the placenta.

Implantation typically occurs between 5-9 days after fertilization and is complete by 10-12 days.

The embryo becomes sticky due to the activity of trophoblast cells.

Hormones play a critical role in preparing the uterus for implantation. They promote uterine receptivity.

A primary hormone produced by the fetal adrenal gland. It serves as a precursor for estradiol and estriol, which are important female sex hormones.

Hormones produced by the fetus, particularly in the adrenal glands. They play a role in fetal development and are converted into estrogens in the placenta.

The flow of blood between the mother and the fetus through the placenta, a vital connection for nutrient and gas exchange.

Important female sex hormones produced within the placenta. They are derived from fetal androgens and play a critical role in pregnancy.

The process of producing steroid hormones like DHEA, estradiol, and estriol. It occurs in the fetal adrenal gland and the placenta.

Techniques used to examine tissues and cells in their natural environment. Immunofluorescence is a commonly used example.

Immortalized or primary cell cultures that can be grown and studied in the lab. They provide a model system for understanding biological processes.

Living organisms, like mice, rats, or guinea pigs, used in experiments to study biological processes and test hypotheses.

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation independent of endothelial function.

Endothelial dysfunction refers to a reduced ability of blood vessels to relax in response to signals from endothelial cells.

The experiment aims to detect endothelial dysfunction in rat aortic rings by comparing the relaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that causes endothelium-dependent relaxation. It triggers the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.

ACh causes relaxation by stimulating endothelial cells, whereas SNP directly relaxes vascular smooth muscle.

The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains motor neurons, which send signals to muscles for voluntary movement.

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord receives sensory information from the body.

Acetylcholine, released by motor neurons, binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, triggering muscle contraction.

Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control of the central nervous system, meaning they are consciously controlled.

The frog rectus abdominis muscle is a classic model in pharmacology for studying muscle physiology and drug responses.