CP Biology Final Review Packet

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of descriptions when making observations?

Quantitative and Qualitative

Which variable is the one that 'I can change' to test a hypothesis?

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable (correct)

Control Group

Constants

The group that is not given the independent variable is called the ________.

control group

Match the compound light microscope parts with their descriptions:

Eyepiece = The lens that you look through with your eye Objective Lens = The lens closest to the slide Stage = Where slide is placed Diaphragm = Controls the amount of light that is allowed through the stage Signup and view all the answers

In gel electrophoresis, smaller DNA fragments travel further away from the wells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

Solar Energy + CO2 + Water → Glucose + Water + Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

Control center of the cell and contains DNA Signup and view all the answers

What are the waste products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen & Water Signup and view all the answers

Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

The basic unit of DNA is a ______.

nucleotide Signup and view all the answers

Match the DNA bases with their pairs:

Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine A = T G = C Signup and view all the answers

What is amniocentesis?

A procedure where cells are removed from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus for analysis and karyotype map creation. Signup and view all the answers

Define selective breeding.

The process of choosing parents with desirable traits to pass on those traits to offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic engineering?

A technology used to manipulate genetic instructions in organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Explain gene splicing/recombinant DNA.

Gene splicing is when specific genes are cut out from one organism's DNA and inserted into another organism to create recombinant DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is a restriction enzyme?

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific locations and is crucial for gene splicing and gel electrophoresis. Signup and view all the answers

Define mutation.

Any change in the DNA sequence that alters the gene's normal message. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of evolution.

Evolution is the gradual change in organisms over long periods of time. Signup and view all the answers

Define natural selection.

Process where nature selects the individuals best suited to their environment for survival and reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What causes extinction of a species?

Extinction occurs when organisms are unable to adapt to changes in their environment. Signup and view all the answers

Explain fossils.

Remains of ancient plants and animals that have turned into rocks, reflecting the past biodiversity of life. Signup and view all the answers

Define gel electrophoresis.

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. Signup and view all the answers

What is a DNA fingerprint?

Analysis of DNA band patterns in an electrophoresis gel to determine genetic relatedness. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Inquiry and Laboratory Techniques

Observations: Describing the thing you are studying using your 5 senses (facts, not opinions)
- Quantitative: Measurable or countable description
- Qualitative: Description of the thing you are studying
Inferences: Using observations to make a guess or prediction about an object or outcome
Independent Variable (IV): The one thing that "I can change" to test my hypothesis
Hypothesis: Written in the "If, then" format
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that changes because of the independent variable
Control Group: The group that is not given the independent variable (tested under normal conditions)
Constants: Conditions that must be kept the same in all groups (experimental and control)
Organizing Data:
- IV and DV on a data table
- IV on the x-axis and DV on the y-axis on a graph
Labeling a graph: Title, label x and y axes, determine proper interval for x and y axes, and set up a key or legend if necessary
Increasing the validity of an experiment: Increase the sample size

Parts of the Compound Light Microscope

Eyepiece: The lens that you look through with your eye (usually 10x)
Objective Lens:
- Scanning (4x)
- Low Power (10x)
- High Power (40x)
Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used to focus on low power, moves the stage up and down
Fine Adjustment Knob: Used to focus on high power, gives fine detail
Stage: Where the slide is placed
Stage Clips: Holds the slide in place
Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light that is allowed through the stage

Calculating Total Magnification

Total magnification on low power: 10x x 10x = 100x
Total magnification on high power: 10x x 40x = 400x

Laboratory Tests

Indicators for glucose and starch:
- Benedict's Solution: Tests for glucose (sugar), changes from blue to red/orange in the presence of glucose
- Iodine Solution (Lugol's Iodine): Tests for starch, changes from amber to purple/black in the presence of starch
Paper Chromatography: A laboratory technique used to separate different pigments by weight
Gel Electrophoresis: Separation of DNA fragments by size

Unit 1 - Basics of Biochemistry

Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass, made up of elements
Elements: Pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom
Atoms:
- Protons: Positive electrical charge (+)
- Neutrons: No electrical charge
- Electrons: Negative electrical charge (-)
Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom
Atomic Mass (Mass Number): # of protons + # of neutrons = atomic mass
Compounds: Substances consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Bonds:
- Ionic Bond: Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- Covalent Bond: Formed when one or more electrons are shared between atoms
Dehydration Synthesis: Monomers join to form large polymers, and water is removed
Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken down into monomers, water is added to separate the large molecule into smaller molecules

Organic Molecules

Contain skeleton structures of Carbon with Hydrogen and Oxygen
Examples:
- Carbohydrates: Glucose (simple sugars)
- Proteins: Amino Acids
- Lipids: Fatty Acid & Glycerin
- Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide

Properties of Water

Polarity: Oxygen side has a slight negative (-) charge, hydrogen side has a slight positive (+) charge
Cohesion: Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
Adhesion: Water molecules are attracted to other surfaces
Surface Tension: The measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Heat Capacity: Water can absorb large quantities of heat with only small changes in temperature
Universal Solvent: Many substances can be dissolved in water, forming solutions
pH: The concentration of H+ ions in a solution, measured with a pH scale (0-14)
- Acid: pH lower than 7
- Neutral: pH of 7
- Base: pH higher than 7

Cellular Energy Processes

Chemical Reaction: A process that changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another (products)
Activation Energy: The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Catalyst: Lowers activation energy to speed up chemical reactions
Active site: Provides a place for the substrates (reactants) to bind (connect) to
Organization of Living Things: Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

Cell Structure and Function

Organelles:
- Vacuoles: Store waste and water
- Ribosome: Where proteins are synthesized
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration
- Chloroplasts: Where photosynthesis occurs
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains DNA
- Cytoplasm: Liquid media that fills the cell
- Cell Membrane: Separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment
Cellular Respiration: The process used by ALL organisms to produce energy by using oxygen and sugar (glucose) to produce energy in the form of ATP
Photosynthesis: The process of storing solar energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (organic molecule)

Genetics

DNA → RNA → Amino Acid Chain → Protein
DNA: A double-stranded helix polymer, composed of nucleotides (monomer)
Nucleotide: The basic unit of DNA, made up of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
Gene Expression: An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed
RNA: A single-stranded polymer produced by DNA
Protein Synthesis: DNA is stuck in the nucleus, so it sends a messenger single-stranded mRNA to the ribosome
Transcription: Converting DNA into mRNA
Translation: Converting the mRNA code to the amino acid sequences### Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, resulting in gametes with genetic variation, whereas asexual reproduction involves mitosis, producing identical cells.
Asexual reproduction occurs in single-celled organisms and bacteria, while sexual reproduction occurs in humans and plants.

Cell Division

Mitosis is used for growth and repair, producing two identical daughter cells with the same genetic makeup as the parent cell.
Meiosis is used for sexual reproduction, producing four non-identical gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Fertilization

Fertilization occurs when a male and female gamete unite, resulting in a zygote with a complete set of chromosomes.

Heredity

Heredity is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction.
Genetic information is organized into genes located in the nucleus of each cell.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering involves altering genetic instructions in organisms.
Gene splicing involves using restriction enzymes to cut out specific genes and insert them into another organism to create a recombinant DNA strand.

Mutation

Mutation is any alteration of the DNA sequence that changes the normal message carried by the gene.
Types of mutations include substitution, deletion, insertion, and recombination.

Evolution

Evolution is the process by which organisms have changed over long periods of time.
Natural selection is the process by which nature selects individuals best fit for the environment.

Evidence for Evolution

Evidence for evolution includes homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, and fossils.

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is used to show relationships between different organisms by separating DNA into smaller pieces based on their size.

DNA Fingerprint

DNA fingerprinting is the analysis of DNA bands in the electrophoresis gel, with more bands in common between two organisms indicating a closer relationship.

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Description

This packet is designed to help students study the information that has been presented over the course of this school year. Review and focus on the topics covered in class.