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Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of descriptions when making observations?
Quantitative and Qualitative
Which variable is the one that 'I can change' to test a hypothesis?
The group that is not given the independent variable is called the ________.
control group
Match the compound light microscope parts with their descriptions:
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In gel electrophoresis, smaller DNA fragments travel further away from the wells.
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What is the formula for photosynthesis?
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What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
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What are the waste products of photosynthesis?
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Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells.
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The basic unit of DNA is a ______.
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Match the DNA bases with their pairs:
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What is amniocentesis?
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Define selective breeding.
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What is genetic engineering?
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Explain gene splicing/recombinant DNA.
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What is a restriction enzyme?
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Define mutation.
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Explain the process of evolution.
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Define natural selection.
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What causes extinction of a species?
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Explain fossils.
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Define gel electrophoresis.
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What is a DNA fingerprint?
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Study Notes
Scientific Inquiry and Laboratory Techniques
- Observations: Describing the thing you are studying using your 5 senses (facts, not opinions)
- Quantitative: Measurable or countable description
- Qualitative: Description of the thing you are studying
- Inferences: Using observations to make a guess or prediction about an object or outcome
- Independent Variable (IV): The one thing that "I can change" to test my hypothesis
- Hypothesis: Written in the "If, then" format
- Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that changes because of the independent variable
- Control Group: The group that is not given the independent variable (tested under normal conditions)
- Constants: Conditions that must be kept the same in all groups (experimental and control)
- Organizing Data:
- IV and DV on a data table
- IV on the x-axis and DV on the y-axis on a graph
- Labeling a graph: Title, label x and y axes, determine proper interval for x and y axes, and set up a key or legend if necessary
- Increasing the validity of an experiment: Increase the sample size
Parts of the Compound Light Microscope
- Eyepiece: The lens that you look through with your eye (usually 10x)
- Objective Lens:
- Scanning (4x)
- Low Power (10x)
- High Power (40x)
- Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used to focus on low power, moves the stage up and down
- Fine Adjustment Knob: Used to focus on high power, gives fine detail
- Stage: Where the slide is placed
- Stage Clips: Holds the slide in place
- Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light that is allowed through the stage
Calculating Total Magnification
- Total magnification on low power: 10x x 10x = 100x
- Total magnification on high power: 10x x 40x = 400x
Laboratory Tests
- Indicators for glucose and starch:
- Benedict's Solution: Tests for glucose (sugar), changes from blue to red/orange in the presence of glucose
- Iodine Solution (Lugol's Iodine): Tests for starch, changes from amber to purple/black in the presence of starch
- Paper Chromatography: A laboratory technique used to separate different pigments by weight
- Gel Electrophoresis: Separation of DNA fragments by size
Unit 1 - Basics of Biochemistry
- Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass, made up of elements
- Elements: Pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom
- Atoms:
- Protons: Positive electrical charge (+)
- Neutrons: No electrical charge
- Electrons: Negative electrical charge (-)
- Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom
- Atomic Mass (Mass Number): # of protons + # of neutrons = atomic mass
- Compounds: Substances consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
- Bonds:
- Ionic Bond: Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- Covalent Bond: Formed when one or more electrons are shared between atoms
- Dehydration Synthesis: Monomers join to form large polymers, and water is removed
- Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken down into monomers, water is added to separate the large molecule into smaller molecules
Organic Molecules
- Contain skeleton structures of Carbon with Hydrogen and Oxygen
- Examples:
- Carbohydrates: Glucose (simple sugars)
- Proteins: Amino Acids
- Lipids: Fatty Acid & Glycerin
- Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide
Properties of Water
- Polarity: Oxygen side has a slight negative (-) charge, hydrogen side has a slight positive (+) charge
- Cohesion: Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
- Adhesion: Water molecules are attracted to other surfaces
- Surface Tension: The measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
- Heat Capacity: Water can absorb large quantities of heat with only small changes in temperature
- Universal Solvent: Many substances can be dissolved in water, forming solutions
- pH: The concentration of H+ ions in a solution, measured with a pH scale (0-14)
- Acid: pH lower than 7
- Neutral: pH of 7
- Base: pH higher than 7
Cellular Energy Processes
- Chemical Reaction: A process that changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another (products)
- Activation Energy: The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
- Catalyst: Lowers activation energy to speed up chemical reactions
- Active site: Provides a place for the substrates (reactants) to bind (connect) to
- Organization of Living Things: Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
Cell Structure and Function
- Organelles:
- Vacuoles: Store waste and water
- Ribosome: Where proteins are synthesized
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration
- Chloroplasts: Where photosynthesis occurs
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains DNA
- Cytoplasm: Liquid media that fills the cell
- Cell Membrane: Separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment
- Cellular Respiration: The process used by ALL organisms to produce energy by using oxygen and sugar (glucose) to produce energy in the form of ATP
- Photosynthesis: The process of storing solar energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (organic molecule)
Genetics
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DNA → RNA → Amino Acid Chain → Protein
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DNA: A double-stranded helix polymer, composed of nucleotides (monomer)
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Nucleotide: The basic unit of DNA, made up of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
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Gene Expression: An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed
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RNA: A single-stranded polymer produced by DNA
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Protein Synthesis: DNA is stuck in the nucleus, so it sends a messenger single-stranded mRNA to the ribosome
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Transcription: Converting DNA into mRNA
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Translation: Converting the mRNA code to the amino acid sequences### Reproduction
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Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, resulting in gametes with genetic variation, whereas asexual reproduction involves mitosis, producing identical cells.
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Asexual reproduction occurs in single-celled organisms and bacteria, while sexual reproduction occurs in humans and plants.
Cell Division
- Mitosis is used for growth and repair, producing two identical daughter cells with the same genetic makeup as the parent cell.
- Meiosis is used for sexual reproduction, producing four non-identical gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Fertilization
- Fertilization occurs when a male and female gamete unite, resulting in a zygote with a complete set of chromosomes.
Heredity
- Heredity is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction.
- Genetic information is organized into genes located in the nucleus of each cell.
Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering involves altering genetic instructions in organisms.
- Gene splicing involves using restriction enzymes to cut out specific genes and insert them into another organism to create a recombinant DNA strand.
Mutation
- Mutation is any alteration of the DNA sequence that changes the normal message carried by the gene.
- Types of mutations include substitution, deletion, insertion, and recombination.
Evolution
- Evolution is the process by which organisms have changed over long periods of time.
- Natural selection is the process by which nature selects individuals best fit for the environment.
Evidence for Evolution
- Evidence for evolution includes homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, and fossils.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Gel electrophoresis is used to show relationships between different organisms by separating DNA into smaller pieces based on their size.
DNA Fingerprint
- DNA fingerprinting is the analysis of DNA bands in the electrophoresis gel, with more bands in common between two organisms indicating a closer relationship.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This packet is designed to help students study the information that has been presented over the course of this school year. Review and focus on the topics covered in class.
