COVID-19 Treatment and Long-term Effects
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Which strategy primarily aims to reduce the number of infected individuals in animal populations to control zoonotic diseases?

  • Applying passive immunization techniques like HepA.
  • Increasing host resistance via vaccination programs.
  • Interrupting transmission through hygiene practices.
  • Removing reservoirs and sources of infection. (correct)

    • According to the principles of virus infection control, which of the following actions is most directly aimed at interrupting transmission?

  • Developing new vaccine technologies.
  • Administering antiviral medications.
  • Encouraging frequent handwashing. (correct)
  • Promoting active immunization.

    • In the context of COVID-19 treatment strategies, which of the following is categorized as a preventative measure rather than a therapeutic intervention?

  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Remdesivir
  • Vaccination (correct)
  • Dexamethasone

    • Which class of COVID-19 treatments includes drugs like remdesivir and Paxlovid?

    <p>Novel antivirals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Siltuximab and Tocilizumab are examples of which type of COVID-19 treatment?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of repurposing existing drugs for COVID-19 treatment, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Safety studies are often already completed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which of the following is a potential limitation of repurposing known treatments for novel viruses like COVID-19?

    <p>The viral target may change, reducing effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is the efficacy status of chloroquine as a viral entry inhibitor for COVID-19?

    <p>No benefit pre or post infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'Swiss Cheese Model' in the context of defense against infection?

    <p>Multiple layers of defense, each with imperfections, that collectively reduce risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NTP analogues play in targeting the viral lifecycle with regards to RdRp?

    <p>They cause premature termination and mutagenesis in the viral RNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the NiRAN domain of NSP12 a challenging target for drug development?

    <p>It has significant similarities to human enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential concern about the extensive use of Molnupiravir in the context of viral mutations?

    <p>It may drive the rapid development of new coronavirus strains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is known for not containing viral genomic material and providing weaker long-term immunity?

    <p>Novavax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of February 2022, approximately what percentage of the UK population had been infected with COVID-19 at least once?

    <p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification in mRNA vaccines helps prevent the spike protein from transitioning to the post fusion conformation?

    <p>Insertion of two proline residues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for tocilizumab in reducing inflammation?

    <p>Binds soluble IL-6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have some antibody treatments become ineffective against SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Spike protein mutations affect strain dependency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in developing inhibitors for NSP3 (PLpro)?

    <p>NSP3 has similarity to human enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which target is NOT involved in the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 viral lifecycle?

    <p>RNA polymerisation by NSP12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some antibodies prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry?

    <p>Binding the spike protein and preventing ACE2 interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes NSP5 an attractive target for antiviral drug development?

    <p>NSP5's active site is conserved across coronaviruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach uses plasma from recovered individuals for SARS-CoV-2 treatment?

    <p>Convalescent plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the rapid development of Paxlovid?

    <p>Built on research from SARS-CoV in 2003 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiviral target involves stopping spike rearrangement and membrane fusion?

    <p>Entry inhibitors using spike antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzymatic activity is associated with NSP12 in SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Polymerisation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Polymerase

    An enzyme critical for viral RNA replication, with two domains: NiRAN and RdRp.

    Remdesivir

    A prodrug antiviral developed against RSV and Ebola, used to treat COVID-19.

    Molnupiravir

    An antiviral that causes mutations in viral RNA, approved for COVID-19 in the UK.

    mRNA vaccines

    Vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna that use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce an immune response.

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    Vector vaccines

    Vaccines such as ChAdOx and Janssen that use a harmless virus to deliver immune response instructions.

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    Protein subunit vaccines

    Vaccines like Novavax that contain harmless pieces of the virus to produce an immune response.

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    Tocilizumab

    A drug that binds to soluble IL-6 to reduce inflammation.

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    Direct Acting Antivirals

    Antivirals that target the SARS-CoV-2 viral lifecycle directly.

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    Spike-RBD Antibodies

    Antibodies that bind to the spike receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2.

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    ACE2 Binding

    A cellular receptor that SARS-CoV-2 spikes bind to for entry.

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    Paxlovid

    An antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 developed from past research.

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    Convalescent Plasma

    Plasma harvested from recovered COVID-19 patients, used for treating active infections.

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    NSP3: PLpro

    A cysteine protease that releases N-terminal NSP proteins during virus replication.

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    NSP5: Mpro

    Main protease that digests the polyprotein of SARS-CoV-2.

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    Viral Replication Targets

    Enzymatic activities in the virus that are potential drug targets.

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    Dimerization Inhibitors

    Compounds that prevent the active form of NSP5 from functioning.

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    Layers of defense

    Strategies used to prevent virus infection.

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    Interrupt transmission

    Methods to stop the spread of the virus.

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    Active immunization

    Vaccines that stimulate the immune system.

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    Preventative strategies

    Actions taken to avoid infection before it occurs.

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    Therapeutic options

    Treatments given after infection has occurred.

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    Cytokine storm

    A severe immune reaction in COVID-19 patients.

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    Repurposing of treatments

    Using existing drugs for new diseases.

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    Monoclonal antibodies

    Lab-made antibodies for treating infections.

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    Vaccines

    Substances that stimulate immunity against viruses.

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    Study Notes

    COVID-19 Treatment and Long-term Effects

    • Presentation topics include layers of defense against infection, treatments, vaccines, and long COVID.
    • Principles of virus infection control include removing reservoirs (like animals), interrupting transmission (with hygiene, masks, and isolation), and increasing host resistance (by vaccination, passive immunisation, and antivirals).
    • The Swiss cheese model illustrates multiple layers of defense against viral infection. Each layer represents a preventative measure, and a successful infection occurs when all layers are penetrated.
    • Therapies can target host responses (like inflammation, thrombosis, and ARDS) or the virus directly (with antivirals and antibody therapies).

    COVID-19 Therapies

    • Therapies targeting host responses include immunosuppressive drugs and antithrombotic therapies.
    • Therapies targeting the virus include antivirals that disrupt viral replication.
    • Host-targeted agents and virus-targeted agents are listed including spike inhibitors, PLpro (protease) inhibitors, Mpro inhibitors, NSP12 inhibitors, NSP13 inhibitors, NSP14 inhibitors, NSP15 inhibitors, NSP16 inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, ACE2 inhibitors, host protease inhibitors, glucocorticoids, and anticoagulants.
    • COVID-19 treatments can be preventative strategies (like distancing, masks, and hand sanitation), therapeutic options (like repurposed antivirals, novel antivirals, and repurposed antimalarials), and management strategies (like monoclonal antibodies, supportive therapies, and corticosteroids).
    • Antibody-based therapies, like those targeting the interaction between the spike protein and ACE2, are crucial for preventing infection. This includes several classes of antibodies with various mechanisms.

    Repurposing of Known Treatments

    • Hydroxychloroquine is shown not to have clinical benefits.
    • There's no significant mortality impact from lopinavir.
    • Dexamethasone reduced deaths by up to one-third.
    • Tocilizumab reduces mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
    • Azithromycin does not have clinical benefits.

    COVID-19 Vaccines

    • Spikevax (Moderna), Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech), Nuvaxovid (Novavax), Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca/Oxford), Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine (Johnson & Johnson), and Valneva (Valneva) are currently approved in the UK.
    • Vaccine types include mRNA vaccines, vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines.
    • Several aspects of vaccine effectiveness were discussed for testing in response to omicron variants, and data on vaccine efficacy.

    COVID-19 Current Situation in England

    • Data on vaccinations, cases, deaths, and hospitalizations and virus tests were reported in England.
    • Infection rates often follow seasonal patterns including a peak during winter.
    • Vaccinations have shown significant coverage in the population.

    COVID-19 Antivirals

    • Antivirals, such as nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid), are used to treat COVID-19, focusing on inhibiting viral replication through protease activity.

    • Several antiviral targets are highlighted including NSP12, and others.

    COVID-19 Targeting the Viral Lifecycle- Convalescent Plasma, Polyprotein processing and Replication, Polymerase

    • Convalescent plasma from survivors can be used to provide antibodies.
    • Polyprotein processing is a critical step in viral replication which includes the activity of PLpro and Mpro, the main protease.
    • RdRp inhibitors target RNA replication and polymerases.
    • Different approaches are utilized to interrupt replication, including nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside analogs. This can cause termination or mutations.
    • Remdesivir and Molnupiravir (and others) are examples of antivirals disrupting viral replication and polymerases leading to interruption in viral growth.

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    Description

    Explore the various treatments and long-term effects of COVID-19 in this quiz. Topics include strategies for infection control, the Swiss cheese model of defense, and specific therapies targeting both the virus and host responses. Test your knowledge on vaccination efforts and interventions against long COVID.

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