COVID-19 Pandemic Impact Factors

Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy in Communities

• A report summarizes the study 'Vaccine Hesitancy and Communities of Place', noting the COVID-19 pandemic's societal changes
• Consideration of communities of place in vaccine strategies is overdue
• Community engagement is an underutilized approach to vaccine hesitancy

Importance of Community in Vaccination Strategies

• Local communities are sites of knowledge, action, and physical locations interventions are introduced
• Interventions effective when consistent with diverse community needs and mindful of vulnerabilities
• Essential to have open communication channels with policymakers to understand needs

Community Trust and Response to National Systems

• Community organizations have the trust of local residents
• When communities feel disenfranchised, they devise their own policy and health strategy responses
• Reciprocal relationships between government and community organizations improve communication in public health crises

Research Approach to Vaccine Hesitancy

• Examines the relationship between vaccine hesitancy and communities of place through a participatory approach
• Traditional search strings and community steering groups guided the literature review

Study Structure and Key Sections

• Section A presents key concepts, definitions, and research questions
• Section B discusses the literature review, including medical distrust, socio-economic contexts, and the SAGE 3-C Model
• Section C presents findings from case studies in the UK (Tower Hamlets and Oldham) and the US (Boston and Hartford)
• Section D concludes with a synthesis considering community in relation to the 3Cs model
• Section E provides policy recommendations

Key Concepts and Definitions in Vaccine Hesitancy

• Place conditions (socio-economic, political, historical)
• Social relations (between communities, authorities)
• Community engagement (involvement of institutions with local communities)
• Community mobilization (capacity of local communities to address health issues)

Rights-Based Approach to Vaccine Acceptance

• Recognizes choices are based on real concerns rooted in distrust
• Acknowledges inequalities derive from the structural and social determinants of health
• Emphasizes the importance of listening to diverse communities to understand beliefs and attitudes

Glossary of Terms Related to Vaccination

• Community: A psychosocial and spatial entity; also a local place where people address health issues
• Place: A spatial entity with defined political boundaries which mediate health and social policies
• Vaccine availability: Whether a vaccine is available to an entire community
• Vaccine accessibility: Whether vaccine is accessible once it is generally available
• Vaccine hesitancy: Delay in accepting vaccination even when available and accessible
• Vaccine refusal: Active refusal due to various factors
• Vaccine resistance: Promotion of vaccine refusal with others
• Vaccine engagement: Interaction between people and authorities to negotiate vaccination decisions
• Vaccine acceptance: Agreement to receive and promote vaccination when it is available

Research questions for vaccine hesitancy

• Consequences of COVID-19 for different case study groups
• Historic and current dynamics between communities and authorities
• Interaction of injustice, trust, and inequality with health inequalities and engagement
• Efforts to improve vaccine engagement - and who is leading them?
• What makes these initiatives work; gaps need to be filled?
• How did State/national and local health policies interact?

Literature and Evidence Review

• Provides a review of themes from existing literature and evidence on vaccine hesitancy
• Takes a historicist approach to understanding hesitancy
• Assesses areas of strength and weakness in the knowledge base

Experience of Medical Distrust and Discrimination

• Vaccine hesitancy is sometimes called skepticism
• In the US, State-sanctioned medical experiments often undermined trust
• The Tuskegee Syphilis Study intentionally withheld treatment from Black patients to study the disease

Historical Context of Vaccine Skepticism

• In the late 19th century, the English government met with protest when made smallpox vaccinations compulsory
• Compulsory vaccination was viewed as a tool of an interventionist government targeting vulnerable groups
• Early 20th century concerns over vaccination involved misuse of vaccination as a weapon against the weak

Impact of Global Colonialism on Vaccine Hesitancy

• In 19th century, coercive policies to vaccinate British Empire subjects prompted pushback
• In the 20th century, vaccination was compromised by misuse, poor delivery, media influence, and misinformation
• Skepticism was fueled by pharmaceutical companies' controversial pricing, recent antics, and notable side-effect scandals

Influence of social dynamics on vaccine

• Heavily impacted by group dynamics or communities of interest
• This includes parenting and wellbeing initiatives as well as online communities around lifestyle choices
• People seek information, - including 'fake news,' about health and medicine - online
• There are multifold concerns as to how quickly interventions can reduce this

Medical Distrust Rapidly Emerges

• Rapid real time emerges to rapidly interact with the issue around hesitancy, and it's realness as it relates to COVID-19 vaccination
• Is not dissimilar or unique in the way it's sensitive nature leads to palpable fear, ostracised medically sceptical (within BAME community)

Individual Conditions & Vaccine Acceptance

• SAGE 3Cs Model is the leading model for understanding vaccine hesitancy.
• the SAGE 3Cs Model describes how an individual holds vaccine hesitancy, synthesizing recent info
• Confidence: - safety and utility of medical procedures
• Complacency: - lack of concern and a perception of low risk
• Convenience: A Lack of easy access

Emerging Covid-19 Factors

• Several factors over the vaccine course include prevalent real time at individual level. Here is how several summarize:
• Disbelief: that a vaccine is sufficiently tested or studied or is still inconclusive
• Trauma: impact of grief and mourning at a community level
• Policy-based distrust: Wider distrust and a lack in any trust on traditional and authoritative resources
• Scepticism: effects of misinformation, mental health, and other related illnesses

Examining What is known from Peer-Reviewed Vaccine Hesitancy Evidence

• What is known about vaccine hesitancy (this is shown as node in graphic)
• Data is derived from all types of social media (online endorsement, media diet) and global health (public health, vaccination rates.)

Knowledge Base Strengths and Gaps

• Vast majority of keywords appear to relate to a "top-down" attitude at 26%
• Gaps in knowledge are the lack of the focus in studies that really understand the data

What The Community Does

• Improves top down decisions while accommodating community voice
• Reduces efficacity, may reduce and marginalize
• Often is not the best format and reduces efficacity

Impact of Information

• Facts and figures heavily relied on for decision making, taking small consideration
• Takes little thought for the statistical literacy for how well it can reach the population as a whole of the local town

Top Down Approach with Social Interactions

• Lack in understanding about how it may affect or benefit
• Often challenges and cements itself due to a network of relations in one's localized area
• Allows individual to aid in debunk some myths, due to its nature
• Studies of crucial social media may be useful in inter-community engagements
• In both US and UK - inequality and trauma combine to generate certain disparities

Communicative Top Down Approach

• Mass communication with little integration
• The value of public health, and how such communities and interactions should be
• Communications with the community can enhance any kind of interactions, and has various reasons for lack and uptake to make it more inclusive

Policy of place/community and engagements

• Deep data and detail on what exactly those that hesitate could possibly need in more detailed communication
• Potential for good communication, for how great the community can have a history negative with communications
• With the authority for the engagement to be diagnostic and for which signals may work in

Communications and Engagements

• Messaging does need to be very inclusive, about mass data so that the communication can reach everyone
• All communications of messaging a) disseminated and b) received by disadvantaged group well
• The relation to all health, especially in context is critically important

Commorbidity and vaccines

• Increased chances with COVID, and notes key studies
• Implementation and health makes social the most distances. These populations often face increased comorbidities, such as asthma, which has been associated with an increased risk from COVID-19,

Devolved Local Communities

• Solely and principal deemed affectively with studies
• Info related education and about the communication on what to consider when there is better communication at all

Bottom-Up Approach and Vaccine Hesitancy

• Community-engagement model integrates local knowledge into a targeted intervention
• Prioritizes impact on a specific local community
• Proposes interventions incorporating community engagement to be applicable to vaccine-resistant contexts

Evidence Highlights Public and Community Communication

• Important and affective within a bottom up approach.
• Public health models with community models has a very similar model
• Helps understand capacity has communities can activate solutions

What Local Stakeholders Express

• This also includes criticism on content and style
• With access needs with specification to certain services
• How such information are implemented
• A "make do" attitude has been adopted

Overcoming Hesitancy Needs to be Local

• New way is found inclusive for all communities
• With help all communities want to provide this type of engagement
• Has a commitment within and in that place

Summary, and why this is important

• Is that due to the fact people need for vaccine programs, then help the most needed
• Has there been, if anything a new set in collaboration.

General Finds & Notes

• To build an evidence base for the factors if important within all communities of place, or vaccine hesitancy has begun all due to all collaborations
• In every the process there are collaborative management for a delivery system
• For the most significant finding (as each was unique) comes various levels
• Is the one as of whom you are seeking, and help by those with that position.

Local Stakeholders Challenges

• It also may express the challenge to top town management
• Includes all criticisms
• Lack of specifics
• Access and research about the local population as a supportive strategy development which may help that
• the challenges to be what might occur to the vaccines it self

Explore the interconnected factors shaping the COVID-19 pandemic's impact, from government distrust to unequal access to healthcare. Discover strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy and achieving herd immunity. Understand the importance of collaborative insights for effective public health policies.