COVID-19 Overview and Transmission Risks
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Questions and Answers

What type of virus is SARS-CoV-2?

  • Double-stranded RNA virus
  • Single-stranded DNA virus
  • Double-stranded DNA virus
  • Single-stranded RNA virus (correct)

Which receptor does the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 bind to on host cells?

  • Insulin receptor
  • ACE2 receptor (correct)
  • IgG receptor
  • CD4 receptor

What is one characteristic of a cytokine storm associated with COVID-19?

  • Significant immune suppression
  • Increased production of erythropoietin
  • Elevated levels of IL-6 (correct)
  • Decreased IL-6 levels

Which group is more at risk for severe COVID-19 disease based on age and gender?

<p>Older adults and males (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows SARS-CoV-2 to evade the early immune response?

<p>Delaying the Type I interferon response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of transmission for SARS-CoV-2?

<p>Latent infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is considered a risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease?

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emerging infectious diseases are defined as:

<p>Newly identified or re-emerging diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the emergence of infectious diseases (EIDs)?

<p>Zoonotic transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is linked to the transmission of SARS-CoV-1 to humans?

<p>Civet cats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is often involved in the pathophysiology of viral infections?

<p>Viral replication and immune evasion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 primarily transmitted?

<p>Airborne droplets and fomite transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to increased zoonotic spillover risk?

<p>Climate change and deforestation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at increased risk for infections by emerging infectious diseases?

<p>Healthcare workers treating infected patients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is associated with causing a cytokine storm?

<p>Ebola virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does global travel play in the transmission of emerging infectious diseases?

<p>It facilitates the spread of EIDs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission method for COVID-19?

<p>Droplets and surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the pathophysiology of the Ebola virus?

<p>Causes a cytokine storm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is associated with MERS-CoV infection?

<p>Exposure to camels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common transmission method for Hantavirus?

<p>Inhalation of rodent urine/feces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is primarily associated with causing microcephaly in infants?

<p>Zika virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key risk factor for contracting COVID-19?

<p>Age over 65 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of SARS-CoV?

<p>It binds to ACE2 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is zoonotic and associated with animal contact?

<p>Hantavirus (A), Ebola virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is COVID-19?

A highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, marked by fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

What is the role of the spike protein in SARS-CoV-2?

The virus's protein that allows it to attach to and enter human cells.

What is a cytokine storm?

An immune response that can be triggered by severe COVID-19, characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory chemicals, leading to organ damage.

What is ARDS?

A respiratory condition that occurs when fluid fills the tiny air sacs in the lungs.

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What is the Coronavirus family?

A family of viruses that have a crown-like appearance due to surface projections.

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What are infectious diseases?

A large group of diseases that often affect multiple organ systems.

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What is an emerging infectious disease?

The emergence or spread of a new disease or the re-emergence of a previously known disease.

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What is the Ebola virus?

A virus that has caused outbreaks of infectious disease with high fatality rates.

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What causes most emerging infectious diseases?

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) often originate when pathogens from animals spread to humans, a process called zoonotic transmission.

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What are some examples of zoonotic hosts?

Bats, camels, civet cats, and other wildlife can act as hosts for pathogens that can eventually infect humans.

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What is pathophysiology?

The process by which a pathogen enters the body, replicates, and causes disease. In EIDs, this often involves immune evasion and inflammation.

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How do emerging infectious diseases spread?

The spread of EIDs can happen in two ways: from animals to humans (zoonotic) and from person to person (human-to-human).

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What is a risk factor for contracting an emerging infectious disease?

Close contact with wild animals or their habitats increases the risk of infection, as seen with Ebola and other diseases.

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Who is at risk of contracting an emerging infectious disease?

Healthcare workers treating infected patients are at a high risk of infection, especially with diseases like Ebola and COVID-19.

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How does travel affect the spread of emerging infectious diseases?

Travel to regions experiencing disease outbreaks increases the risk of infection, especially for diseases like Ebola and Zika.

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How does climate change and deforestation contribute to emerging infectious diseases?

Changes in the environment, such as deforestation and climate change, bring humans closer to wildlife reservoirs, increasing the risk of zoonotic spillover.

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What is SARS-CoV-2?

The virus that causes COVID-19, belonging to the Coronaviridae family, known for its spike protein.

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What is Ebola?

A severe, often fatal disease caused by Ebola virus, primarily affecting West Africa.

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What is MERS-CoV?

A respiratory illness caused by the MERS-CoV virus, primarily found in the Arabian Peninsula, with camels as a suspected reservoir.

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What is Ebola Virus?

A virus belonging to the Filoviridae family, responsible for causing Ebola disease, highly contagious and lethal.

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What is Hantavirus?

A virus disease caused by Hantavirus, transmitted through rodent urine and feces, often affecting the lungs.

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What is Zika Virus?

A viral disease caused by Zika virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly affecting the brain, particularly in developing fetuses.

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Study Notes

COVID-19

  • Caused by SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA virus
  • Coronavirus family, crown-like appearance due to spike (S) glycoproteins
  • Binds to ACE2 receptors on host cells via spike protein, activated by TMPRSS2
  • Virus releases RNA genome, replicates using host cell machinery, and releases new virions through exocytosis
  • Innate immune response delayed, allowing for replication before detection
  • Excessive immune activation (cytokine storm) leads to severe inflammation and lung damage (edema, ARDS)

Transmission

  • Person-to-person via respiratory droplets, direct contact, and contaminated surfaces
  • Touching the mouth, eyes, or nose after contact can transmit the virus
  • Virus can survive on surfaces

Risk Factors

  • Age (older adults) and gender (males) increase risk of severe disease
  • Comorbidities like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory conditions increase risk
  • Certain ethnic groups have higher risk of hospitalization and mortality
  • Immunosuppression (HIV, organ transplants) impairs immune response increasing risk of severe disease

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID)

  • Newly identified or re-emerging diseases with increased incidence or geographic range
  • Examples include Ebola, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Zika virus, and Hantavirus

Zoonotic Transmission

  • Pathogens spill over from animals to humans
  • Zoonotic hosts include bats, camels, civets, and other wildlife
  • SARS-CoV-1 from civet cats
  • MERS-CoV from dromedary camels
  • COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) linked to animal reservoirs (likely bats)
  • EID pathophysiology varies, but often involves viral entry, replication, immune evasion, and inflammatory cytokine response

Pathophysiology

  • Entry via viral entry and replication
  • Host immune evasion
  • Cytokine-driven inflammation
  • Example: Ebola infection of dendritic cells and macrophages leads to immune evasion and cytokine storms
  • Example: SARS-CoV-2 involves ACE2 receptors, immune activation, and ARDS

Human-to-Human Transmission

  • Spread through direct contact, droplets, bodily fluids, and contaminated surfaces
  • Respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and SARS are spread via respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces

Risk Factors for EIDs

  • Close contact with wild animals or their habitats
  • Frontline healthcare workers treating infected patients
  • Travel to outbreak regions
  • Climate change and deforestation bringing humans closer to wildlife reservoirs
  • Globalization and urbanization leading to increased human movement and dense populations facilitating transmission

Additional Conditions

  • SARS-CoV from civet cats: Binds to ACE2 receptors, Transmission via respiratory droplets and surfaces
  • Hantavirus (from rodents): Inhaled rodent urine/feces, possibly a rodent exposure risk.
  • Zika virus (Flavivirus family): Transmitted by mosquito bites, infection of neural progenitor cells leading to complications like microcephaly

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Covid-19 and Emerging Infectious Disease Midterm Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers key aspects of COVID-19, including its cause, transmission methods, and risk factors leading to severe disease. Learn about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its replication process, and the impact of various health conditions on COVID-19 severity.

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