COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Mechanisms and Impacts

<p>Targeting non-mutating regions of the spike protein can increase the effectiveness of vaccines, as these regions are less likely to be affected by mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You become infectious 4-5 days before symptoms appear. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>773 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCoV-OC43 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single-stranded positive sense RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>125 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replication protein (R) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social status of the infected individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fever and sore throat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the synthesis of multiple non-structural proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They play a role in the proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age younger than 18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long COVID can results in symptoms such as brain fog and joint pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nsp3, nsp4, nsp6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyroptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory RNA elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They encode structural and accessory proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spike, nucleoprotein, envelope, and matrix proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 structural and 9 accessory proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nsp3 protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double-membrane vesicles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nsp9. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nsp7, nsp8, and nsp12. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a co-factor for other proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nsp16. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide potential therapeutic targets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mysterious pneumonia outbreak was first linked to the Wuhan wet market on December 8th. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>March 11th (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Wuhan wet market was closed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COVID-19 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A state of emergency was declared in 8 states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The UK reported around 422 deaths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wuhan wet market (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spike/HA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyprotein 1 and Polyprotein 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genome transcription and replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasmic vesicle biogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nsp7-nsp10, nsp12-nsp16 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCoV-229E (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>125 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of non-structural proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps the virus attach to and enter host cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>January (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus's genome was sequenced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses have a metabolic system of their own. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural proteins (A), Accessory proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate sub-genomic mRNAs for the production of structural and accessory proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nsp12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make these proteins potential drug targets for antiviral therapeutics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A process that alters the reading frame of the ribosome to produce two distinct polyproteins from a single RNA genome.

Large proteins coded by the coronavirus genome that are cleaved into multiple active proteins involved in replication.

Proteins derived from the coronavirus replicase polyproteins that do not form the virus's structure but are essential for its lifecycle.

The cleavage of polyproteins into smaller, active proteins necessary for viral replication and transcription.

Non-structural proteins (nsp3, nsp4, nsp6) involved in the formation of vesicles in the cells during virus replication.

mRNAs generated from the RNA genome that encode proteins.

Proteins that provide shape and structure to viruses, such as Spike, Envelope, and Membrane.

A structural protein on the virus surface that helps in attachment to host cells.

Protein that encapsulates viral RNA, aiding in genome protection.

Cellular structures formed by the virus that facilitate replication.

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during replication.

Proteins that assist in various functions during viral replication.

Proteins expressed from the viral genome that are not part of the virus structure but have other roles.

A complex composed of various proteins essential for RNA synthesis in viruses.

An enzyme involved in adding a methyl group to RNA, enhancing stability and function.

The estimated number of COVID-19 cases in January 2024 is 773 million.

As of January 2024, 13.6 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered globally.

Coronaviruses have an envelope and contain spike (S), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and envelope (E) proteins.

Important human coronaviruses include SARS-CoV, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus genome is (+) RNA and is capped and polyadenylated for direct translation.

A viral component that allows entry into host cells by binding to receptors.

A receptor on host cells that the virus spike protein binds to initiate infection.

An enzyme that cleaves the spike protein, facilitating membrane fusion.

Areas on the virus where mutations frequently occur, affecting vaccine efficacy.

The timeframe when an infected individual can spread the virus, starting about 4 days before symptoms.

The ability of a virus to cause disease, influenced by viral and host factors.

Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, sore throat, cough, and loss of taste/smell.

Persistent symptoms after initial COVID-19 infection, such as fatigue and shortness of breath.

An overreaction of the immune system causing excessive inflammation and damage to organs.

Factors like age, immune status, and co-morbidities that affect how a body responds to a virus.

The virus responsible for COVID-19, part of the coronavirus family.

Viruses consist of a genetic core, protein coat (capsid), and may have an envelope.

The part of the virus containing DNA or RNA, never both.

A protective layer made up of proteins called capsomeres surrounding the genetic core.

A lipid layer surrounding some viruses, often containing surface proteins like spikes.

The process by which the COVID-19 disease develops after infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Key dates marking the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 starting from December 2019.

Initial reports of mysterious pneumonia with links to Wuhan wet market in December 2019.

Infectious agents not considered cells, lacking metabolism and reliant on host cells.

The protective protein coat surrounding a virus's genetic material, made of capsomeres.

As of January 2024, the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is 6.99 million.

Coronaviruses belong to a family of viruses categorized by their single-stranded positive sense RNA.

Key human coronaviruses include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2.

A process causing tRNAs to shift frames, producing two polyproteins from one RNA genome.

The process where polyproteins are cut into 16 unique proteins necessary for viral functions.

Proteins nsp3 and nsp5 act as proteases for processing replicase polyproteins.

Nsp3, nsp4, nsp6 create cytoplasmic vesicles for the virus's replication cycle.

Proteins nsp7-nsp10 and nsp12-nsp16 are vital for genome transcription and replication.

Proteins translated from sub-genomic mRNAs vital for viral structure and function.

Non-structural proteins performing various functions during viral replication.