Covalent Bonding Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Covalent compounds are also called ______ compounds.

molecular

A covalent compound is a bond between _____ ____________.

2 nonmetals

All nonmetals have _____ electronegativity and ______ electron affinity.

high

Nonmetals seek to _____ electrons to make them stable.

<p>gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

<p>Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electron affinity?

<p>Ability of an atom to attract and hold additional charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is covalent bonding an analogy of?

<p>2 equally strong people playing tug-of-war - neither can pull the rope harder than the other one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a covalent bond form?

<p>A molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>A neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Any time a chemical bond forms, _____ is released.

<p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dash between 2 elements that are covalently bonded and written in Lewis dot notation represents.

<p>A single covalent bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ a bond requires energy.

<p>Breaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bond dissociation energy?

<p>The energy required to break a bond between two covalently bonded atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bond length?

<p>The average distance (space) between two nuclei that are bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When bond lengths are ______, atoms are very close, and ____ energy is required to separate them.

<p>short; more</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large atoms have more energy levels of electrons, so there are _____ bond lengths; therefore, _____ energy is required to separate atoms.

<p>longer; less</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 diatomic molecules?

<p>H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons do metals have?

<p>1-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons do nonmetals have?

<p>5-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a covalent bond, shared electrons fill the _____ orbitals of both atoms, making them both stable.

<p>outer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exothermic reaction?

<p>Energy is released as atoms move from a high energy state to a low energy state when covalent bonds form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Covalent bonds form because _______________________

<p>Electrons of one atom are attracted to the positive nucleus of another atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 2 atoms begin to move apart, attractive forces between the _____ of one atom and the ______ of the other atom pull them back together.

<p>electrons; nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 2 atoms move too close, the 2 _______ __________ repel each other, and the atoms move apart.

<p>positive nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms actually move back and forth but maintain an ____ _____ _____ .

<p>average distance apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some properties of molecular compounds?

<ol> <li>Low melting and boiling points; 2) Poor electrolytes - do not conduct electricity well.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What state are most molecular compounds at room temperature?

<p>Liquids or gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in naming molecular compounds?

<ol> <li>List 1st name of element in compound. If more than one atom is present, include a prefix to indicate that number of atoms; 2) List 2nd name of element in compound. Always include a prefix indicating number of atoms of 2nd element and use 'ide' suffix.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 1 in naming compounds?

<p>mono</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 2 in naming compounds?

<p>di</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 3 in naming compounds?

<p>tri</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 4 in naming compounds?

<p>tetra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 5 in naming compounds?

<p>penta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 6 in naming compounds?

<p>hexa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 7 in naming compounds?

<p>hepta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 8 in naming compounds?

<p>octa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 9 in naming compounds?

<p>nona</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix for the number 10 in naming compounds?

<p>deca</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ values are used to predict the type of bond that will form between the atoms of 2 elements.

<p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 2 atoms of the same nonmetal element react with each other, electrons will be _________ _________ between them; neither atom has a greater attraction for the shared electrons.

<p>shared equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 2 electrons are shared equally, a _________ is formed.

<p>covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Covalent Bonding Overview

  • Covalent compounds are known as molecular compounds.
  • A covalent bond occurs between two nonmetals.
  • Nonmetals exhibit high electronegativity and electron affinity.
  • Nonmetals aim to gain electrons to achieve stability.

Key Concepts in Covalent Bonding

  • Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons.
  • Electron affinity refers to an atom's ability to attract and hold additional electrons.
  • Covalent bonding can be likened to two equally strong individuals engaging in a tug-of-war, where neither side can overpower the other.

Molecular Structure

  • A covalent bond forms a molecule, defined as a neutral group of atoms connected by covalent bonds.
  • Energy is released whenever a chemical bond forms.
  • In Lewis dot notation, a dash between two elements signifies a single covalent bond.

Bond Energy and Length

  • Breaking a bond requires energy.
  • Bond dissociation energy is the energy needed to sever a bond between two covalently bonded atoms.
  • Bond length is the average distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms.
  • Short bond lengths indicate atoms are very close, necessitating more energy for separation.
  • Larger atoms possess longer bond lengths due to additional energy levels, thus needing less energy for separation.

Diatomic Molecules and Valence Electrons

  • The seven diatomic molecules include H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2.
  • Metals typically have 1-3 valence electrons, while nonmetals have 5-7 valence electrons.

Stability through Electron Sharing

  • Shared electrons in a covalent bond occupy the outer orbitals of both atoms, leading to stability.
  • An exothermic reaction occurs when energy is released as atoms transition from a high to a low energy state during bond formation.
  • Covalent bond formation results from the attraction between one atom’s electrons and another atom’s positive nucleus.

Attractive and Repulsive Forces

  • If two atoms begin to separate, the attractive forces between one atom's electrons and the other's nucleus pull them back together.
  • If atoms come too close, their positive nuclei repel each other, causing separation.
  • Atoms oscillate but maintain an average distance apart.

Properties and States of Covalent Compounds

  • Molecular compounds generally have low melting and boiling points.
  • They are poor electrolytes and do not conduct electricity well.
  • At room temperature, most molecular compounds are found as liquids or gases.

Naming Molecular Compounds

  • To name molecular compounds, first list the first element in the compound, adding a prefix for multiple atoms.
  • For the second element, always include a prefix and use the "ide" suffix.

Prefixes for Number of Atoms

  • Mono = 1
  • Di = 2
  • Tri = 3
  • Tetra = 4
  • Penta = 5
  • Hexa = 6
  • Hepta = 7
  • Octa = 8
  • Nona = 9
  • Deca = 10

Electronegativity and Bonding

  • Electronegativity values help predict the bond type between two elements.
  • In reactions between identical nonmetals, electrons are shared equally, forming a nonpolar covalent bond.

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Explore the fundamentals of covalent bonding with flashcards designed to help you understand key concepts and terminology. This quiz covers definitions related to covalent compounds, their formation, and the properties of nonmetals. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their grasp on this essential chemistry topic.

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