Science- Space Term 1A
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Questions and Answers

What significant event occurred immediately after the singularity 'exploded'?

  • The universe cooled down.
  • Time and space began. (correct)
  • Electrons were attracted to nuclei.
  • Complex atoms formed.

How did the size of the universe change in the first second after the explosion?

  • It expanded to the size of the Solar System.
  • It remained unchanged.
  • It expanded to the size of a pea. (correct)
  • It became the size of a galaxy.

What happened about 5 minutes after the initial explosion?

  • Nuclei of simple atoms were formed. (correct)
  • Electrons were created.
  • The first stars formed.
  • The universe stopped expanding.

What does the red shift indicate in terms of cosmic observations?

<p>An expanding universe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supports the Big Bang Theory regarding the elements present in the universe?

<p>The abundance of hydrogen and helium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Steady State Theory, how can helium be produced?

<p>From reactions occurring in stars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial formation occurred approximately 3000 years after the formation of the first nuclei?

<p>Electrons attracted to nuclei to create the first atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is contradicted by the abundance of helium in the universe?

<p>Steady State Theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason people are interested in colonizing Mars?

<p>To search for life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as a consideration when colonizing a new planet?

<p>Proximity to Earth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Mars considered a suitable candidate for colonization?

<p>It has similar conditions to Earth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas in Mars' atmosphere?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a planet does atmospheric pressure relate to?

<p>Gases present in the atmosphere and gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which planet does the content suggest groups will need to challenge in their presentations?

<p>Mars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception must the groups be prepared to debunk?

<p>That Mars is the only feasible option for colonization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which planet is characterized by having the highest percentage of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere?

<p>Mars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be concluded about humans in differing atmospheric pressures?

<p>Humans are adapted to the atmospheric pressure of Earth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is standard for measuring atmospheric pressure in scientific research?

<p>Kilopascals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a Blobfish when it is brought to the surface from its deep-sea habitat?

<p>It experiences significant physical distortion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, which of the following planets has a significantly higher atmospheric pressure than Earth?

<p>Venus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily limits human survival on planets with different atmospheric pressures?

<p>Physiological responses to pressure changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Blobfish's appearance in its natural habitat?

<p>It appears round and buoyant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During research on atmospheric pressures, what is crucial to remember when comparing values across different planets?

<p>Ensure all values are in the same units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which layer of Earth's atmosphere do humans usually reside?

<p>Troposphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in an experiment that investigates how temperature affects the rate of a reaction?

<p>The temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable when measuring how temperature affects the rate of a reaction?

<p>The speed of the reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a controlled variable in an experiment?

<p>Variables that are kept constant throughout the experiment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you formulate a testable hypothesis for an experiment?

<p>By predicting the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options describes an appropriate experimental aim?

<p>To determine how a specific factor affects an outcome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen if controlled variables are not properly maintained during an experiment?

<p>The results may be unreliable or invalid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment focusing on the effect of temperature on reaction speed, if the temperature is set at a constant value, this would be classified as what type of variable?

<p>Controlled variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demonstration best illustrates the concept of air pressure affecting an object's state?

<p>Incredible can crush demonstration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in setting up the experiment?

<p>Set up the camera to record (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do after recording the height of the rebound?

<p>Add the results to a table (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When repeating the experiment, what is a key variable you might change?

<p>The height from which the ball is dropped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which table should be used to record mass and type of ball?

<p>Table 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'averages' in this experiment?

<p>The mean of the rebound heights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to represent the results visually?

<p>Draw a graph of the average results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to identify trends in the results?

<p>To understand the relationship between variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of improvements should be considered for methodology?

<p>Minimizing external influences on the results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a materials list in an experiment?

<p>To show the required materials and their specific amounts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the appropriate writing style for an experimental procedure?

<p>Avoid narratives, using past tense and avoiding pronouns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of including diagrams in an experimental procedure?

<p>They help illustrate the experimental set-up for clarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should errors in an experiment be addressed in reporting?

<p>Identified, analyzed for impacts, and suggested improvements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is not appropriate when writing an experiment's procedure?

<p>Writing instructions in the first person (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of data representation is commonly used after conducting an experiment?

<p>Tables and graphs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should procedures be written with enough detail for someone inexperienced?

<p>To allow anyone to replicate the experiment accurately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best approach when conducting the experiment mentioned?

<p>Following the steps in sequence for consistency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Big Bang Theory

The prevailing cosmological model for the universe's origin and evolution.

Expanding Universe

The universe is getting larger over time.

Red Shift

The lengthening of wavelengths of light from objects moving away from us.

Steady State Theory

A superseded cosmological model proposing a universe that has expanded but hasn't changed its density.

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Universe's Early Formation

The universe started very hot, then expanded and cooled down over time.

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Element Formation

Simple atoms (Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium) formed from protons and neutrons.

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Evidence for Big Bang

Observations like red shift and the abundance of elements support the Big Bang model.

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Abundance of Helium

More helium exists than expected by the steady state theory.

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Reasons for colonizing Mars

Humans seek to colonize Mars for scientific discovery, resource exploration, and as a backup option if Earth becomes uninhabitable.

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Mars's suitability for colonization

Mars is considered a suitable candidate for colonization due to its similarities to Earth, making the transition easier compared to other planets.

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Atmospheric Composition

The mix of gases forming a planet's atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Atmospheric Pressure

The force exerted by the atmosphere's gas molecules. This varies among planets.

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Planet Colonization Factors

Key factors to consider when colonizing a planet: atmosphere, length of day & year, temperature, gravity, pressure, and size. These determine habitability.

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Earth's Atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).

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Mars's Atmosphere

Mars's atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide (95%) and nitrogen (3%).

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FLICC tactics

Methods used to persuade or manipulate others in presentations. This includes logical arguments, emotional appeals, and potentially misleading information.

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Blobfish Adaptation

The Blobfish is adapted to high pressure environments in the deep ocean.

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Atmospheric Pressure on Planets

Different planets have different atmospheric pressures.

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Standard Pressure Unit

Pascals (Pa) or kilopascals (kPa) are standard units to measure atmospheric pressure.

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Atmospheric Pressure on Earth

Atmospheric pressure on Earth is suitable for human life.

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Atmospheric Pressure on Venus

Venus has a higher atmospheric pressure than Earth.

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Atmospheric Pressure on Mars

Mars has a lower atmospheric pressure than Earth.

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Atmospheric Pressure on Jupiter

Jupiter has an extremely high atmospheric pressure.

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Procedure in an Experiment

A detailed step-by-step guide for conducting an experiment, ensuring reproducibility.

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Materials List

A comprehensive list of all materials needed for the experiment, including specific quantities and amounts.

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Past Tense in Procedure

The procedure should be written in the past tense, narrating what was done during the experiment.

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Avoid Pronouns in Procedure

Avoid using pronouns like 'I' or 'we' in the procedure, making it objective and impersonal.

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Results Table

A structured way to organize and display data collected during an experiment.

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Graphing Data

Visual representation of experimental data using charts and graphs to show trends and relationships.

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Experimental Errors

Mistakes or deviations in the experimental process that can affect data accuracy.

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Improving Experimental Method

Identifying weaknesses in the experiment and suggesting ways to enhance its accuracy and reliability.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The factor you intentionally change in an experiment to see its effect on the outcome.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The factor you measure or observe in an experiment, which is expected to change in response to the independent variable.

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Independent Variable

The factor that you change in an experiment to see how it affects the dependent variable.

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Controlled Variables

Factors that are kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure that only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The factor that you measure in an experiment. It changes in response to the independent variable.

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Drop Height

The distance from which the ball is released to the surface it hits.

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What is an Aim?

A clear statement of what you want to achieve in your experiment. It outlines the purpose or goal.

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Rebound Height

The height the ball bounces back after hitting the surface.

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Testable Hypothesis

A prediction about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, which can be tested through experimentation.

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Average

The sum of a set of numbers divided by the number of values in the set.

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Experimental Methodology

A detailed description of how you will conduct your experiment, including steps, materials, and procedures.

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Errors in Methodology

Mistakes or flaws in the way an experiment is conducted that can affect the results.

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Why is Control Important?

Control helps you isolate the effect of the independent variable by eliminating other factors that could influence the results.

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Impact of Errors

How errors in the experiment's design or execution influence the final results.

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What is a Scientific Experiment?

A controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis and observe the relationship between variables.

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Improvements to Methodology

Changes made to the experimental procedure to reduce or eliminate errors and improve the accuracy of results.

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Study Notes

Y9 Science Term 1A: Space: Past, Present & Future

  • This subject covers the history of space exploration, current understanding of space and the future of space exploration.
  • Covers the scientific method, including defining scientific models, comparing geocentric and heliocentric models, and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of these models.
  • Discusses the development of the Heliocentric model by Copernicus, and how this model addresses challenges with the Geocentric model.
  • Explores the Steady State Theory and the Big Bang Theory, contrasting the ideas of their creators and which model is supported by current scientific evidence.
  • Introduces the concepts of Scientific Literacy, credible sources, and strategies for avoiding/identifying misinformation (FLICC).
  • Includes the Dunning-Kruger effect
  • Detailed study of the scientific method and its steps.
  • Practical activities including data collection, analysis, and interpretation in shoebox exercises and other activities demonstrate a scientific approach.

Learning Objectives

  • Define scientific models, and compare and contrast geocentric and heliocentric models
  • Apply critical thinking to the strengths and weaknesses of scientific models.
  • Explain the steps of the scientific method and discuss it in relation to scientific theories.
  • Contrast and compare Steady State and Big Bang theories.
  • Evaluate the role of observation and supporting evidence in scientific theories.
  • Assess the credibility of scientific sources (credible authorship, citations, date of publication & bias) Recognize and describe techniques used to disseminate misinformation (FLICC).
  • Explain what the Dunning-Kruger effect is and how it can contribute to the spread of misinformation.
  • Construct effective results tables and graphs for data interpretation.
  • Identify experimental errors, their impact, and how to improve experimental methods.
  • Evaluate experiments for validity, accuracy, precision, and reliability
  • Summarize experiments in concise conclusions .
  • Use scientific processes and methods to investigate and describe how human understanding of the cosmos has progressed.

Prior Knowledge Check

  • Provides terms and definitions pertaining to space-related entities. (Examples include Universe, Star, Solar system, etc.)
  • Lists and matches the terms to their respective definitions.

Section 1A: The Progression of Understanding the Solar System

  • Discusses how human understanding of the solar system evolved over time. Provides historical examples (Mayan, Egyptian, Chinese).
  • Explains the concept of a scientific model as a physical, mathematical or conceptual representation illustrating and describing an idea, event or process.
  • Provides examples including models of cells, ecosystems, and the atom.

Heliocentric vs Geocentric Models

  • Details the historical difference between the geocentric model (Earth at the center) and the heliocentric model(Sun at the center) of the Solar System.
  • Highlights the reasoning and beliefs behind each model, acknowledging the limitations of early observation techniques (no technology).
  • Emphasizes that the Heliocentric model provided a more accurate and precise description. This model included retrograde motion, was supported by Kepler's laws and Galileo's observations and addressed the shortcomings of the Geocentric model.

Section 1B: The Progression of Understanding the Universe

  • Contrasts the Steady State and Big Bang theories on the origin and evolution of the universe. Emphasizes the core components and differences in each theory and how these theories evolved and changed over time.
  • Explains the scientific method and how it is employed in cosmological investigations.

Evidence for the Big Bang Theory

  • Details evidence (red shift and the abundance or elements).
  • Describes the cosmic microwave background radiation as support for the Big Bang theory.
  • Explains that this evidence disproved the prior Steady State theory.
  • Addresses the misconception regarding the “hoax” on Mar's close approach to Earth.

Section 2A: Assessing Sources

  • Explains what scientific literacy is and how it is critical in the current information era.
  • Discusses the importance of determining credible sources versus unreliable sources from several standpoints.
  • Provides helpful tips to determine credible versus unreliable sources to ensure reliable and valid information.

Section 2B: Identifying Tactics used to Spread False Science

  • Introduces FLICC (Fake Experts, Logical Fallacies, Impossible Expectations, Cherry Picking, and Conspiracy Theories) as tactics used in spreading misinformation. -Elaborates on how these particular tactics are used in the construction and propagation of flawed theories of the cosmos.
  • Explains the Dunning-Kruger effect, wherein individuals lacking expertise systematically overestimate their own abilities.

Section 3A: Experimental Design

  • Explains how to identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables, essential for a good experiment.
  • Provides clear steps for constructing appropriate aims and hypotheses.

Section 3B: Presenting Data

  • Explains how to construct effective results tables and graphs for scientific purposes.

Section 3C: Evaluating the Experiment

  • Describes the roles of validity, accuracy, precision. and reliability in a scientific experiment.
  • Explains how to write a concise conclusion for an experiment.

Practical Activities

  • Discusses the different aspects/steps of a practical activity that you may conduct (like demonstrating atmospheric pressure).
  • Introduces the purpose, materials, procedures, aim, hypothesis, observations, and discussion on practical experiments on concepts like atmospheric pressure.

Review Questions

  • Covers review questions about different topics, providing comprehensive coverage.

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2025 Space Booklet FINAL PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to the Big Bang Theory and its implications for the universe. This quiz covers significant events following the singularity, cosmic observations, and theories regarding the formation of elements. Challenge yourself with these essential cosmology questions!

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