Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics of HIV-1 is crucial for its ability to integrate into a host cell's DNA?
Which of the following characteristics of HIV-1 is crucial for its ability to integrate into a host cell's DNA?
- Its use of gp120 to bind to the CD4 receptor.
- Its envelope derived from the host cell membrane.
- Its positive-sense ssRNA genome.
- Its reverse transcriptase enzyme. (correct)
A researcher is investigating potential therapeutic targets for HIV-1. Which of the following viral proteins would be the MOST specific target to prevent viral entry into macrophages?
A researcher is investigating potential therapeutic targets for HIV-1. Which of the following viral proteins would be the MOST specific target to prevent viral entry into macrophages?
- CCR5 (correct)
- gp120
- CD4
- gp41
How do the oncogenes E6 and E7, associated with high-risk HPV types, contribute to the development of cervical cancer?
How do the oncogenes E6 and E7, associated with high-risk HPV types, contribute to the development of cervical cancer?
- E6 and E7 stimulate the immune system to target and destroy infected cells, causing chronic inflammation.
- E6 and E7 directly induce mutations in cellular DNA repair mechanisms.
- E6 and E7 promote viral replication, leading to increased cell lysis.
- E6 degrades p53, while E7 inactivates Rb protein, disrupting cell cycle control. (correct)
A patient presents with cervical dysplasia. Further testing reveals the presence of HPV-16. Which of the following mechanisms is MOST directly responsible for the progression of dysplasia to cervical cancer in this patient?
A patient presents with cervical dysplasia. Further testing reveals the presence of HPV-16. Which of the following mechanisms is MOST directly responsible for the progression of dysplasia to cervical cancer in this patient?
A public health campaign aims to prevent the spread of Hepatitis A. Which strategy would be MOST effective?
A public health campaign aims to prevent the spread of Hepatitis A. Which strategy would be MOST effective?
A patient is diagnosed with chronic Hepatitis C. Which of the following is the MOST significant long-term risk associated with this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with chronic Hepatitis C. Which of the following is the MOST significant long-term risk associated with this condition?
According to the provided mnemonics, which of the following viruses would be expected to bind to the CAR receptor?
According to the provided mnemonics, which of the following viruses would be expected to bind to the CAR receptor?
If a new antiviral drug was developed that specifically blocked the function of integrins, which of the following viruses would MOST likely be affected?
If a new antiviral drug was developed that specifically blocked the function of integrins, which of the following viruses would MOST likely be affected?
A patient is co-infected with Hepatitis B and another Hepatitis virus. According to the mnemonics, which other Hepatitis virus requires Hepatitis B for co-infection?
A patient is co-infected with Hepatitis B and another Hepatitis virus. According to the mnemonics, which other Hepatitis virus requires Hepatitis B for co-infection?
Which of the listed viruses contains a circular genome?
Which of the listed viruses contains a circular genome?
A novel virus is isolated and found to have a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. Based on this information, which of the following replication locations is most likely for this virus?
A novel virus is isolated and found to have a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. Based on this information, which of the following replication locations is most likely for this virus?
Which characteristic of influenza viruses is primarily responsible for the need for annual vaccination?
Which characteristic of influenza viruses is primarily responsible for the need for annual vaccination?
A child presents with bronchiolitis, and a respiratory sample tests positive for a virus that causes syncytia formation. Which viral glycoprotein is most likely responsible for this observation?
A child presents with bronchiolitis, and a respiratory sample tests positive for a virus that causes syncytia formation. Which viral glycoprotein is most likely responsible for this observation?
Which of the following viruses is most likely to establish a persistent or latent infection in its host?
Which of the following viruses is most likely to establish a persistent or latent infection in its host?
A researcher is studying the immune response to a novel coronavirus. They observe that CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in controlling the infection, but antibody levels decline relatively quickly. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this immune profile?
A researcher is studying the immune response to a novel coronavirus. They observe that CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in controlling the infection, but antibody levels decline relatively quickly. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this immune profile?
During an influenza pandemic, public health officials are monitoring for antigenic shift. What genomic mechanism would most likely cause this?
During an influenza pandemic, public health officials are monitoring for antigenic shift. What genomic mechanism would most likely cause this?
A research lab is working to develop a novel antiviral drug that targets a specific step in the replication cycle of coronaviruses. Which of the following would be the most appropriate target, considering the unique characteristics of coronaviruses?
A research lab is working to develop a novel antiviral drug that targets a specific step in the replication cycle of coronaviruses. Which of the following would be the most appropriate target, considering the unique characteristics of coronaviruses?
A patient presents with a respiratory infection. A diagnostic test reveals the presence of a non-enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. Which virus is the most likely cause of this patient's infection?
A patient presents with a respiratory infection. A diagnostic test reveals the presence of a non-enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. Which virus is the most likely cause of this patient's infection?
During an outbreak of respiratory illness, it is determined that the causative agent is transmitted primarily through large respiratory droplets and direct contact. Which of the following viruses is most likely responsible for this outbreak?
During an outbreak of respiratory illness, it is determined that the causative agent is transmitted primarily through large respiratory droplets and direct contact. Which of the following viruses is most likely responsible for this outbreak?
A study of a novel respiratory virus shows that it replicates in the nucleus of infected cells. Which of the following viral characteristics would best explain this observation?
A study of a novel respiratory virus shows that it replicates in the nucleus of infected cells. Which of the following viral characteristics would best explain this observation?
Flashcards
Coronaviruses
Coronaviruses
Family of viruses including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 with ssRNA genomes.
Spike glycoprotein
Spike glycoprotein
Viral attachment protein in coronaviruses that binds to ACE2 receptor.
ssRNA positive-sense
ssRNA positive-sense
Single-stranded RNA that serves as mRNA, used by some viruses for replication.
Transmission routes for coronaviruses
Transmission routes for coronaviruses
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Antigenic drift
Antigenic drift
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Antigenic shift
Antigenic shift
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Influenza viral attachment protein
Influenza viral attachment protein
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RSV pathogenesis
RSV pathogenesis
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Adenoviruses
Adenoviruses
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Immune response to coronaviruses
Immune response to coronaviruses
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HIV-1
HIV-1
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HIV Transmission Routes
HIV Transmission Routes
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HIV VAP
HIV VAP
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Coreceptors for HIV
Coreceptors for HIV
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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HPV Oncogenes
HPV Oncogenes
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Hepatitis A Transmission
Hepatitis A Transmission
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Hepatitis B Risk
Hepatitis B Risk
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Hepatitis C Chronicity
Hepatitis C Chronicity
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Viral Receptors Mnemonic
Viral Receptors Mnemonic
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Study Notes
Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2)
- Virus family: Coronaviridae
- Genome type: single-stranded RNA, positive-sense, enveloped, helical capsid
- Viral attachment protein: Spike (S) glycoprotein, binding to ACE2 receptor
- Transmission: respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route
- Replication: cytoplasm, using viral RNA polymerase
- Pathogenesis: disrupts respiratory cilia, leading to cytokine storm in severe cases
- Immune Response: innate (IFN, neutrophils, monocytes), adaptive (CD8+ T cells control; antibodies are short-lived)
- Disease severity: mild (common cold-like), severe (atypical pneumonia, SARS, MERS, COVID-19)
Influenza Virus (Types A, B, C)
- Virus family: Orthomyxoviridae
- Genome type: single-stranded RNA, negative-sense, segmented, enveloped
- Viral attachment proteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) binds sialic acid; Neuraminidase (NA) aids release
- Replication: nucleus (unique for RNA viruses)
- Transmission: respiratory droplets
- Pathogenesis: kills respiratory epithelium, weakens mucus defenses, may lead to secondary bacterial infections
- Immune Response: innate (interferon, NK cells), adaptive (antibodies to HA, most protective; antibodies to NA)
- Antigenic variation: drift (minor mutations, seasonal flu), shift (major changes, pandemics)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Virus family: Paramyxoviridae
- Genome type: single-stranded RNA, negative-sense, enveloped, helical
- Viral attachment protein: Fusion (F) glycoprotein, causing syncytia formation
- Replication: cytoplasm
- Transmission: large droplets, direct contact
- Pathogenesis: infects bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, no viremia
- Immune Response: weak cell-mediated immunity (prolonged infection); IgG and IgA antibody responses
- Disease association: leading cause of fatal respiratory infections in infants and young children
Adenoviruses
- Virus family: Adenoviridae
- Genome type: double-stranded DNA, non-enveloped, icosahedral capsid
- Viral attachment protein: Fiber protein, binding to CAR receptor
- Replication: nucleus, using host RNA polymerase
- Transmission: respiratory droplets, fecal-oral, direct contact
- Pathogenesis: persistent infections, reactivation possible in immunocompromised individuals
- Immune Response: strong antibody response, some latent infections
- Disease examples: respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1)
- Virus family: Retroviridae
- Genome type: single-stranded RNA, positive-sense, enveloped (two copies)
- Viral attachment proteins: gp120 binds CD4 receptor; gp41 mediates fusion
- Co-receptors: CCR5 (macrophages), CXCR4 (T cells)
- Replication: reverse transcription, integration into host DNA in the nucleus
- Transmission: sexual contact, blood, maternal-fetal
- Immune Response: initial NK response, progressive CD4+ T cell depletion, AIDS with CD4+ count below 200 cells/μL
- Treatment: multiple targets (reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Virus family: Papillomaviridae
- Genome type: double-stranded DNA, circular, non-enveloped, icosahedral
- Viral attachment protein: L1 capsid protein, binding to integrins
- Replication: nucleus, using host RNA polymerase
- Transmission: skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, fomites
- Pathogenesis: oncogenic: E5, E6, E7 promote cancer:
- E6 degrades p53 (tumor suppressor)
- E7 inactivates Rb protein
- Immune Response: cell-mediated immunity usually clears infection; high-risk strains cause persistent infection, lead to cervical cancer
- Disease types: low-risk (HPV-6, 11 - genital warts), high-risk (HPV-16, 18 - cervical cancer)
Hepatitis Viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV)
- Hepatitis A (HAV): Picornaviridae, ssRNA, fecal-oral, acute, self-limiting
- Hepatitis B (HBV): Hepadnaviridae, dsDNA, blood, sexual, maternal-fetal, acute or chronic, risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatitis C (HCV): Flaviviridae, ssRNA, blood, sexual, chronic (70-75% cases), risk of cirrhosis and cancer
Viral Receptor Mnemonic
- "ACE the CAR Test"
- Adenovirus: CAR receptor
- Coronavirus: ACE2 receptor
- HIV: CD4 + CCR5/CXCR4
- Influenza: Sialic acid
- HPV: Integrins
DNA Virus Mnemonic
- "HHAPPPPY"
- Hepatitis B (Hepadnaviridae)
- Herpesviridae
- Adenoviridae
- Parvoviridae (ssDNA)
- Poxviridae (cytoplasm)
- Papillomaviridae (HPV)
- Polyomaviridae
RNA Virus Replication Mnemonic
- "Nuclear Flu"
- Influenza replicates in the nucleus
Hepatitis Transmission Mnemonic
- "A-E Routes"
- A: Fecal-oral (food/water contamination)
- B: Blood, Birth, Body fluids
- C: Chronic bloodborne infections
- D: Defective (needs HBV)
- E: Enteric, like Hep A
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Description
Explores the characteristics of Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza Viruses (Types A, B, C). Covers genome type, viral attachment proteins, transmission methods, replication processes, and immune responses. Examines disease severity ranging from mild to severe cases.
