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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)
- High cholesterol (correct)
- Obesity (correct)
- Age
- Hypertension (correct)
Which of the following are non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)
- Diabetes
- Gender (correct)
- Smoking History
- Family Hx (correct)
What does CAD stand for?
What does CAD stand for?
Coronary Artery Disease
Stable Angina is a manifestation of myocardial ischemia.
Stable Angina is a manifestation of myocardial ischemia.
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______ is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum.
______ is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum.
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Study Notes
Coronary Heart Disease
- Leading cause of death globally
- Occurs when there is an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the myocardium due to plaque buildup
- Results in narrowing of arteries, impeding blood flow, and leading to heart attack and other cardiac issues
Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
- Hypertension
- High cholesterol
- Smoking history
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Diabetes
- Obesity
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
- Family history
- Age
- Gender
- Genetics
Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Stable Angina
- Temporary chest pain
- Breathlessness
- Dyspnea
Heart Attack
- Chest pain
- Pain radiating to neck, jaw, back, shoulders, and arms
- Breathlessness
- Dyspnea
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Sweating
- Nausea
Anatomy of the Heart
- Right Coronary Artery (RCA) supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle
- RCA supplies blood to the AV node via the septal perforating branch (found in 90% of people)
- Sinoatrial Nodal Artery (SNA) supplies blood to the SA node
- RCA descending branches also supply to the acute marginal artery
- RCA regulates heart rhythm
Diagnostic Tests
Angiograms
- Purpose: to identify blockages or narrowing in the coronary arteries
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Non-invasive test used to diagnose acute pulmonary pathologies and identify stenosis, lesions, chamber size, etc.
Stress Test
- Non-invasive test used in settings of suspected Stable Angina
Blood Work
- Troponin: provides information about an acute ischemic event
- B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP): provides information about volume overload of cardiogenic origin
Stable Angina
- Manifestation of a stable angina results from the imbalance between the myocardial oxygen supply and the myocardial oxygen demand
- Coronary artery stenosis is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia
- Increased oxygen demand during physical activity leads to inadequate oxygen supply due to coronary stenosis
Unstable Angina
- Blood flow obstruction (such as plaque formation) leading to myocardial ischemia
- Unpredictable and can occur at rest
- Chest pain, pressure, or discomfort
- Pain may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, shoulder, or back
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Pain may last a few minutes and follows a pattern such as physical activity or continual stress
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