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Questions and Answers
What is a primary consequence of insufficient blood flow in coronary arteries?
What is a primary consequence of insufficient blood flow in coronary arteries?
What is another name for Coronary Artery Disease?
What is another name for Coronary Artery Disease?
Which statement best describes the symptom complexity of Angina Pectoris?
Which statement best describes the symptom complexity of Angina Pectoris?
What does the term 'pathophysiology' refer to in the context of Coronary Artery Disease?
What does the term 'pathophysiology' refer to in the context of Coronary Artery Disease?
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Which factor primarily contributes to the development of Coronary Artery Disease?
Which factor primarily contributes to the development of Coronary Artery Disease?
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What does atherosclerosis primarily cause in the arteries?
What does atherosclerosis primarily cause in the arteries?
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Which of the following can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the heart?
Which of the following can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the heart?
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What can plaque rupture in atherosclerosis potentially lead to?
What can plaque rupture in atherosclerosis potentially lead to?
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What is primarily formed as a result of oxidized LDL-C in the arteries?
What is primarily formed as a result of oxidized LDL-C in the arteries?
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Which of the following is a factor that does not contribute to low blood flow in the arteries?
Which of the following is a factor that does not contribute to low blood flow in the arteries?
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What is the primary role of monocytes in atherosclerosis?
What is the primary role of monocytes in atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following components is associated with the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis?
Which of the following components is associated with the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis?
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What is a potential consequence of fixed stenosis in the arteries?
What is a potential consequence of fixed stenosis in the arteries?
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Which type of cells primarily contribute to the accumulation of fatty deposits in atherosclerosis?
Which type of cells primarily contribute to the accumulation of fatty deposits in atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following conditions does NOT cause vasospasm?
Which of the following conditions does NOT cause vasospasm?
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What characterizes the chest pain associated with Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris?
What characterizes the chest pain associated with Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris?
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Which of the following conditions does NOT result from fixed stenosis of the coronary arteries?
Which of the following conditions does NOT result from fixed stenosis of the coronary arteries?
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What is a key therapeutic goal for managing angina?
What is a key therapeutic goal for managing angina?
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What distinguishes Prinzmetal Angina from other types of angina?
What distinguishes Prinzmetal Angina from other types of angina?
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Which of the following factors can lead to coronary artery spasms associated with Prinzmetal Angina?
Which of the following factors can lead to coronary artery spasms associated with Prinzmetal Angina?
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How long does chest pain typically last in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris?
How long does chest pain typically last in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris?
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Which of the following is a cause of structural heart issues leading to Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris?
Which of the following is a cause of structural heart issues leading to Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris?
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Which of these conditions is classified as an acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
Which of these conditions is classified as an acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
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What type of angina is caused by coronary plaque rupture resulting in thrombosis?
What type of angina is caused by coronary plaque rupture resulting in thrombosis?
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Which cardiac enzyme is typically elevated in cases of STEMI?
Which cardiac enzyme is typically elevated in cases of STEMI?
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Which test is most commonly associated with evaluating the severity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
Which test is most commonly associated with evaluating the severity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
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What condition is primarily characterized by demand ischemia?
What condition is primarily characterized by demand ischemia?
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What does a low level of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicate regarding coronary artery disease risk?
What does a low level of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicate regarding coronary artery disease risk?
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In which scenario would chest pain not typically be relieved by rest or sublingual nitrates?
In which scenario would chest pain not typically be relieved by rest or sublingual nitrates?
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Which of the following conditions typically results in a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries?
Which of the following conditions typically results in a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries?
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What is associated with supply ischemia in the context of unstable angina?
What is associated with supply ischemia in the context of unstable angina?
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What is the primary characteristic of Prinzmetal Angina?
What is the primary characteristic of Prinzmetal Angina?
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When performing a coronary angiography, what is the primary function of the dye used?
When performing a coronary angiography, what is the primary function of the dye used?
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What is the initial step in the development of atherosclerosis?
What is the initial step in the development of atherosclerosis?
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What role does inflammation play in the progression of atherosclerosis?
What role does inflammation play in the progression of atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of plaque rupture?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of plaque rupture?
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What does decreased endothelial function influence in atherosclerosis?
What does decreased endothelial function influence in atherosclerosis?
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What is the likely result of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis?
What is the likely result of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis?
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What is a common diagnostic tool for assessing heart activity during suspected coronary artery disease?
What is a common diagnostic tool for assessing heart activity during suspected coronary artery disease?
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Which condition is characterized by reversible changes in myocardial cells due to hypoxia?
Which condition is characterized by reversible changes in myocardial cells due to hypoxia?
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What underlying disease is associated with myocardial infarction?
What underlying disease is associated with myocardial infarction?
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Which of the following factors can contribute to decreased coronary blood flow?
Which of the following factors can contribute to decreased coronary blood flow?
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What effect does oxidation of LDL have in atherosclerosis?
What effect does oxidation of LDL have in atherosclerosis?
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What is the primary characteristic of unstable plaque in atherosclerosis?
What is the primary characteristic of unstable plaque in atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following risk factors is particularly significant for men over 45 years of age?
Which of the following risk factors is particularly significant for men over 45 years of age?
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What does increased heart rate primarily do in the context of angina?
What does increased heart rate primarily do in the context of angina?
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What does the formation of foam cells indicate in atherosclerosis?
What does the formation of foam cells indicate in atherosclerosis?
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Study Notes
Coronary Artery Disease
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), also known as Ischemic Heart Disease or Coronary Heart Disease, is a condition where insufficient blood flow occurs in one or more coronary arteries.
- CAD can produce characteristic pain in the chest known as angina.
- Angina can be temporary, lasting for a few minutes, or permanent, leading to death of tissue.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque on the arteries' inner walls, causing narrowing of the arteries and reducing blood flow to the heart.
- This plaque buildup can lead to the formation of blood clots that partially or totally block the arteries.
- Atherosclerosis is a progressive condition that involves endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidation.
- Plaque rupture can lead to spilling of plaque materials and acute thrombosis.
Causes of Low Blood Flow
- Coronary Thrombosis/Embolism: Blood clots that partially or totally block the arteries.
- Vasospasm: Spasms in the coronary arteries that reduce blood flow.
- Fixed Stenosis: A fixed narrowing of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup.
Risk Factors for CAD
- Age: Men over 45 years old and women over 55 years old are at increased risk.
- Family history of myocardial infarction (MI).
- Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol).
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Chronic inflammation.
- Elevated serum homocysteine levels.
- Hypertension (high blood pressure).
- Obesity.
- Diabetes mellitus.
Diagnosis of CAD
- Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): Detects and records the heart's electrical activity. A normal ECG does not rule out angina.
- Stress Testing: Treadmill or dobutamine tests are used to measure the heart’s response to stress. Nuclear heart scanning or echocardiography are used for patients who cannot perform physical exercise.
- Chest X-Ray: Can help identify heart size and abnormalities.
- Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization: Dye is injected into the coronary arteries and special X-rays are taken to visualize the arteries.
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Blood Tests:
- C-reactive protein (hs-CRP): High levels are associated with increased risk of CAD and heart attack.
- Hemoglobin, cholesterol, and sugar levels are also assessed.
Angina Pectoris
- Angina Pectoris is chest pain or discomfort caused by myocardial ischemia.
- It is an expression of a coronary blood supply-demand mismatch..
- The pain typically lasts for 2-5 minutes and is relieved by resting or taking sublingual nitrates.
Types of Angina
- Chronic Stable Angina: Also known as effort angina or classic angina.
- Unstable Angina: A more serious form of angina where the pain is new, worsening, or occurring at rest.
- Prinzmetal Angina: Also known as variant angina, vasospastic angina, or angina inversa. Caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries, often occurring at rest.
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
- Includes unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
- Caused by coronary plaque rupture resulting in thrombosis and decreased oxygen supply.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Myocardial Infarction (MI) is also known as a heart attack.
- It results from permanent loss of myocardial oxygenation/perfusion, leading to cellular necrosis and death.
Therapeutic Goal
- The goal of treatment is to restore the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
- This can be achieved through medications, lifestyle modifications, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and its relation to atherosclerosis. This quiz covers essential topics such as the causes of low blood flow, symptoms like angina, and the progressive nature of plaque buildup. Challenge yourself to see how much you really know about heart health and vascular conditions!
