Core Concepts of Advanced Java Programming

Java Collections Framework
- Provides a set of classes and interfaces for storing and manipulating groups of data as a single unit.
- Key Interfaces: List, Set, Map, Queue.
- Implementations: ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, TreeMap.
Multithreading
- Enables concurrent execution of two or more threads for better CPU utilization.
- Key Classes: Thread, Runnable, ExecutorService.
- Synchronization: Mechanisms to control access to shared resources (e.g., synchronized methods, blocks).
Java Networking
- Core libraries for building network applications (e.g., sockets, URL handling).
- Key Classes: Socket, ServerSocket, DatagramSocket.
- Protocols: TCP/IP and UDP.
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
- API for connecting and executing queries with databases.
- Key Components: DriverManager, Connection, Statement, ResultSet.
- Types of Drivers: JDBC-ODBC bridge, Native-API driver, Network Protocol driver, Thin driver.
Java Reflection
- Ability to inspect classes, interfaces, fields, and methods at runtime without knowing the names of the classes.
- Use Cases: Frameworks, Libraries, Annotations.
Java Servlets and JSP
- Servlets: Java programs that run on a server and handle client requests.
  - Lifecycle: init, service, destroy.
- JavaServer Pages (JSP): Technology for developing web pages that support dynamic content.
Java Frameworks
- Spring: Comprehensive framework for enterprise Java development.
- Hibernate: ORM framework for database management.
- JavaServer Faces (JSF): Framework for building component-based user interfaces for web applications.
Java Annotations
- Metadata that provides data about a program but is not part of the program itself.
- Common Annotations: @Override, @Deprecated, @SuppressWarnings.
- Custom Annotations: Can be created for specific use cases.
Design Patterns
- Common solutions to recurring design problems in software development.
- Categories: Creational (Singleton, Factory), Structural (Adapter, Decorator), Behavioral (Observer, Strategy).
Java Security
- Security manager: Controls access to classes in the Java environment.
- Cryptography: APIs for encryption, decryption, hashing.
- Secure Socket Layer (SSL) for secure communications over a network.
Java Performance Tuning
- Techniques to optimize Java code and application performance.
- Garbage Collection tuning: Understanding JVM memory management.
- Profiling tools: JVisualVM, JConsole for performance monitoring.
Java Modular Programming
- Introduced in Java 9 with the Java Platform Module System (JPMS).
- Modules: Encapsulated components with explicit dependencies.

These concepts are essential for mastering advanced Java programming and applying them effectively in real-world applications.

Java Collections Framework

A set of classes and interfaces designed to manage groups of data.
Core Interfaces include List, Set, Map, and Queue for different data structures.
Popular Implementations are ArrayList, LinkedList for List; HashSet, TreeSet for Set; HashMap, TreeMap for Map.

Multithreading

Facilitates running multiple threads simultaneously to enhance CPU efficiency.
Important Classes are Thread for creating threads, Runnable for defining thread tasks, and ExecutorService for managing thread pools.
Synchronization methods (e.g., synchronized methods and blocks) are vital for protecting shared resources.

Java Networking

Essential libraries for creating network applications with features like sockets and URL handling.
Key Classes include Socket for client-side implementation, ServerSocket for server-side operations, and DatagramSocket for UDP protocol communications.
Utilizes protocols TCP/IP for reliable connections and UDP for faster, connectionless communication.

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

API that enables Java applications to access and interact with databases.
Core Components consist of DriverManager for managing drivers, Connection for database connections, Statement for executing queries, and ResultSet for retrieving query results.
Four types of JDBC drivers: JDBC-ODBC bridge, Native-API driver, Network Protocol driver, and Thin driver.

Java Reflection

Enables examination of classes, methods, fields, and interfaces during runtime, independent of their names.
Commonly used in frameworks, libraries, and annotations to provide flexibility and dynamic capabilities.

Java Servlets and JSP

Servlets are server-side Java programs processing client requests, with a lifecycle that includes init, service, and destroy phases.
JavaServer Pages (JSP) provide a platform for creating web pages with dynamic content.

Java Frameworks

Spring: A comprehensive framework aimed at enterprise Java application development.
Hibernate: An Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework simplifying database interactions.
JavaServer Faces (JSF): A framework for creating component-based, user interface-driven web applications.

Java Annotations

Annotations are metadata that describe program characteristics but don't alter the program logic.
Common Annotations include @Override (method overriding), @Deprecated (deprecated elements), and @SuppressWarnings (to ignore compiler warnings).
Custom Annotations can be designed for specific application requirements.

Design Patterns

Established solutions for common software design challenges.
Three Categories:
- Creational (e.g., Singleton, Factory)
- Structural (e.g., Adapter, Decorator)
- Behavioral (e.g., Observer, Strategy)

Java Security

The Security Manager enforces access control for Java classes.
Cryptography APIs provide functionalities for data encryption, decryption, and hashing.
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology is used for secure communications in network applications.

Java Performance Tuning

Strategies for enhancing the performance of Java applications and code efficiency.
Garbage Collection tuning involves understanding memory management within the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Profiling tools such as JVisualVM and JConsole are used for monitoring and analyzing application performance.

Java Modular Programming

Introduced in Java 9, offering the Java Platform Module System (JPMS) for modular application design.
Modules are self-contained units that encapsulate functionality and define explicit dependencies.