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Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes natural selection?
Which statement best describes natural selection?
Copernicus believed in the geocentric model of the solar system.
Copernicus believed in the geocentric model of the solar system.
False
What are the two main motions of the Earth?
What are the two main motions of the Earth?
Rotation and revolution
The Earth’s axis is tilted approximately _____ degrees.
The Earth’s axis is tilted approximately _____ degrees.
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What is variation in the context of natural selection?
What is variation in the context of natural selection?
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours and revolves around the Sun once every year.
Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours and revolves around the Sun once every year.
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List the first three planets in the order of their distance from the Sun.
List the first three planets in the order of their distance from the Sun.
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What part of the personality is responsible for balancing the id and super ego?
What part of the personality is responsible for balancing the id and super ego?
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Sublimation involves expressing socially unacceptable impulses in socially unacceptable ways.
Sublimation involves expressing socially unacceptable impulses in socially unacceptable ways.
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Name the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud.
Name the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud.
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The defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept unpleasant reality is called ______.
The defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept unpleasant reality is called ______.
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Match the defense mechanisms with their definitions:
Match the defense mechanisms with their definitions:
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Which of the following statements best describes regression?
Which of the following statements best describes regression?
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The super ego represents the pleasure-seeking part of the personality.
The super ego represents the pleasure-seeking part of the personality.
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What is the main focus of psychoanalysis?
What is the main focus of psychoanalysis?
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What is the purpose of psychoanalysis therapy?
What is the purpose of psychoanalysis therapy?
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The Egyptians invented the cubit system primarily for cooking purposes.
The Egyptians invented the cubit system primarily for cooking purposes.
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What ancient civilization is known for its building sophistication and the creation of measurement mathematics?
What ancient civilization is known for its building sophistication and the creation of measurement mathematics?
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The ancient Indian text that contains extensive knowledge about medicine and life sciences is called the _____ Samhita.
The ancient Indian text that contains extensive knowledge about medicine and life sciences is called the _____ Samhita.
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Match the following civilizations with their notable contributions:
Match the following civilizations with their notable contributions:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Gupta dynasty in India?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Gupta dynasty in India?
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Displacement allows individuals to express their feelings on less threatening targets.
Displacement allows individuals to express their feelings on less threatening targets.
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African civilizations have made significant advancements in _____ science.
African civilizations have made significant advancements in _____ science.
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What was the primary purpose of the 260-day sacred calendar in Mesoamerica?
What was the primary purpose of the 260-day sacred calendar in Mesoamerica?
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The Grand Canal is considered China's greatest infrastructure achievement.
The Grand Canal is considered China's greatest infrastructure achievement.
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By what year did ironwork production start in China?
By what year did ironwork production start in China?
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The system of counting based on 20 in Mesoamerican cultures is called __________.
The system of counting based on 20 in Mesoamerican cultures is called __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What was a significant factor in the growth of infrastructure in ancient China?
What was a significant factor in the growth of infrastructure in ancient China?
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The 365-day solar calendar used by the Maya included a month of 'nameless' days considered lucky.
The 365-day solar calendar used by the Maya included a month of 'nameless' days considered lucky.
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What are the five elements considered in traditional Chinese medicine?
What are the five elements considered in traditional Chinese medicine?
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Who was the ninth ruler of the Inca Empire?
Who was the ninth ruler of the Inca Empire?
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The Middle East is solely comprised of the Arabian Peninsula.
The Middle East is solely comprised of the Arabian Peninsula.
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What significant role did Moctezuma II play in history?
What significant role did Moctezuma II play in history?
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Nezahualcoyotl was the tlatoani of __________.
Nezahualcoyotl was the tlatoani of __________.
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Match the following figures with their respective contributions or characteristics:
Match the following figures with their respective contributions or characteristics:
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What was one of the significant advances made in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt?
What was one of the significant advances made in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt?
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The invention of the phonetic alphabet is considered a minor contribution of the Arabs to civilization.
The invention of the phonetic alphabet is considered a minor contribution of the Arabs to civilization.
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What period did Pachacuti rule as the Inca emperor?
What period did Pachacuti rule as the Inca emperor?
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Study Notes
Copernicus
- Copernicus repositioned the earth from the center of the solar system to the center of the universe and introduced the idea that the earth rotates on its own axis.
- The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours and orbits around the Sun once a year.
- The Earth’s axis is tilted approximately 23.5 degrees.
- Copernicus arranged the planets in a specific order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
Natural Selection
- Certain traits become more or less common in a population due to their impact on the survival and reproduction of individuals.
Four Main Principles of Natural Selection
- Variation: Differences in traits among individuals within a population arise from genetic variation and can be influenced by environmental factors.
- Overpopulation: Most species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support, leading to competition for resources.
- Adaptation: Traits that improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce are called adaptations.
- Survival of the Fittest: Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their traits to their offspring.
Earth’s Rotation
- The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
Earth’s Revolution
- The Earth orbits around the Sun once a year.
Sigmund Freud
- Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development focuses on the changing seat of sensual pleasure of an individual during childhood.
Five Stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
- Oral: Focus on the mouth as the source of pleasure.
- Anal: Focus on the anus and control of bodily functions.
- Phallic: Focus on the genitals and sexual identity.
- Latency: A period of sexual dormancy.
- Genital: Reemergence of sexual interests and mature relationships.
Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
- Psychoanalysis therapy is used to release repressed emotions and experiences.
Id
- It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic physical needs and urges.
Ego
- The rational and pragmatic part of the personality that attempts to pacify both the id and the superego.
Super Ego
- The most rule-governed structure of the mind that is concerned with social rules and morals, often called the conscience or moral compass.
Defense Mechanisms
- Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies used to protect the ego from anxiety and stress.
- Denial: Refusal to accept unpleasant reality.
- Projection: Denying particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and projecting them onto others.
- Sublimation: Expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way.
- Reaction Formation: Turning an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse into its opposite.
- Rationalization: Giving logical reasons to justify unacceptable behavior motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses.
- Regression: Return to a prior, lower state of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
- Displacement: Discharging tensions associated with hostility and fear by taking them out on a less threatening target.
Ancient Africa
- The oldest civilization known in the history of humankind.
- Ancient African civilization first dwells with applied science in agricultural economy, metallurgical science, textile and engineering predictions, and medicines.
- The Egyptians were great builders, they created measurement mathematics for construction purposes.
Ancient Egypt
- Invented the cubit system and used it to build the pyramids of Egypt.
- Ancient Egyptians used nature as a means of lighting.
Ancient India
- Indians had a very high regard for “Veda” (knowledge) and focused on the inseparable knowledge and religious traditions.
- Focused on mathematics and astronomy but were mostly concerned with rituals.
- The science of life, Ayurveda, included the five elemental theories of matter in ancient China.
- The Charaka Samhita is one of the Samhita, or collections that could help one memorize hundreds of named body parts.
Ancient Middle East
- The Middle East is a geopolitical region that includes the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
- The Arab civilization brought together Muslims, Christians, Jews, Arabians, Africans, Berbers, Egyptians, and descendants of Phoenicians, Canaanites and others into a great cosmopolitan melting pot.
- Islam provided the dynamism while the Arabic language provided the unifying bond that held this diverse civilization together.
Mayan Civilization
- The Mayan civilization used a 260-day sacred calendar as a divinatory almanac consisting of an internal structure of 20 day-names combined with 13 day-numbers.
- The Mayan civilization used a 365-day solar calendar divided into 18 named months of 20 days plus one month of five “nameless” days, called Uayeb.
- The Mayans used a vigesimal (base 20) number system with only three symbols: 0 (shell shape), 1 (dot), and 5 (bar).
Ancient China
- By 117 BCE, ironwork production was underway.
- By 1078, the Song Dynasty produced 125,000 tons of iron.
- Metallurgy was vital in hydraulic engineering and enabled the growth of infrastructure across China.
- The Grand Canal was the greatest infrastructure achievement in China.
- Ancient China was a hydraulic civilization that utilized river systems for irrigation to sustain large populations.
Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt
- Significant advances were made in the applied sciences like medicine, engineering, and surveying.
Inventions in Ancient China
- Crossbow
- Suspension bridges
- Earthquake monitor
Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Traditional Chinese medicine is based on balancing the elements: fire, water, earth, wood, and the concept of yin and yang.
Inca Empire
- Pachacuti, the ninth ruler of the Inca Empire, transformed Cusco from a small kingdom into a vast empire in the 15th century.
- Established a new administrative system.
Aztec Empire
- Moctezuma II, ninth tlatoani of the Aztec Empire, reigned from 1502 to 1520 CE.
- Known for his encounters with Spanish conquistadors, which led to the fall of the Aztec Empire.
- Nezahualcoyotl, a philosopher and poet, was the tlatoani of Texcoco.
- He played a crucial role in the formation of the Aztec Triple Alliance, significantly influencing Mesoamerican politics and culture.
Invention of the Alphabet
- The invention of the phonetic alphabet is perhaps the greatest contribution of the Arabs to human civilization.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the revolutionary ideas of Copernicus regarding the solar system and explore the principles of natural selection. This quiz covers key concepts including Earth's rotation, position in the solar system, and the fundamentals of variation and adaptation in natural selection.
