Copernicus and the Aztecs
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Questions and Answers

Scientists are primarily driven by the pursuit of honor and publicity.

False (B)

Some scientists faced condemnation from the Church for their ideas.

True (A)

Nicolaus Copernicus conducted extensive observations of heavenly bodies to develop his theories.

False (B)

Copernicus's ideas about the universe were completely different from those of the ancient Greeks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus was appointed as a professor at Frombork University in Poland.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus's book was called Epitome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus's book Commentariolus was widely circulated and published to the general public soon after he wrote it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Knowledge about the universe changed completely in the years before Copernicus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inca textiles were not considered a prized artistic achievement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztec civilization did not contribute to science or technology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztecs did not value education.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztec did not develope chocolate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztecs did not develop any form of antispasmodic medication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chinampa is a form of land irrigation used by the Romans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztec calendar was not used for planning activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztec did not invent the canoe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asia is the largest continent and home to many ancient civilizations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India is a peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indians were not known for manufacturing iron.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus was definitely worried about persecution by the Church if he formally published his ideas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ayurveda originated in ancient Greece.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

China is one of the ancient civilizations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus' duties as a canon and doctor took time away from formally publishing his astronomy work.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chinese practice of acupuncture is a modern invention.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The publication of Copernicus's book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, in 1543 is often considered the start of the scientific revolution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus wanted a model of the universe where everything moved around multiple centers at varying rates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chinese did not invent the compass.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Copernicus put the Sun at the center of the universe.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Copernicus's model, the Moon orbits the Sun.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Copernicus, the orbits of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter lay inside the Earth's orbit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin is famous for his laws of thermodynamics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mesoamerica only includes the southern part of Mexico

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Maya civilization lasted approximately 200 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mayans did not use their temples for astronomical observation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Incas did not have a calendar system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mayans independently developed the concept of zero.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Incas used quipu, a system of knotted ropes, to keep records.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the American period, the Philippines was completely 'Americanized'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education was not reorganized during the American occupation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early science education focused on sanitation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research to combat tropical diseases such as malaria was not conducted during the American period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

American scholars introduced new knowledge and technology to the Philippines during their occupation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protestant church missions brought hospitals and schools to remote areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

World War I significantly destabilized the development of the Philippines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

World War II had a positive impact on the development of the country

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reparation funds from Japan were used to build highways after World War II.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ODA stands for Overseas Development Applications.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human resource development is not a key element in improving the country’s technological capability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of science and technology is only shaped by internal factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improving the quality of science education is no longer a challenge in the Philippines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Philippine government does not have any policies to promote science and technology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DOST sought help from the NCRP to prepare for the ASEAN 2015 Goals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural factors in China helped their achievements develop into modern science.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Needham suggested that the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals made them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Middle East countries are primarily occupied by Christians.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific revolution encouraged critical thinking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicolaus Copernicus placed the Earth at the center of the universe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 16th century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin contributed to the field of physics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muslim scientists valued science experiments more than plain thought experiments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Biology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science only developed in Europe during ancient times.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'algebra' is derived from 'al-jabr'.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arabic Numeral System originated in Europe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ancient civilizations did not develop any technologies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science in pre-Spanish Philippines was disconnected from daily life.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jabir ibn Hayyan is considered by some scholars to be the 'Father of Chemistry'.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ibn Sina pioneered the science of theoretical medicine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early Filipinos did not use science to predict seasons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Technology was used by people in building houses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ibn Sina discovered the contagious nature of infectious diseases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trading had no effect on the lives of early Filipinos.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Libraries and observatories were destroyed due to the Viking conquest which led to decline in the golden age of Islam.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous science is also known as folk science.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of geometry in ancient Egypt was partly to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Egypt was known to be a center of physics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish introduced the concept of formal subjects in schools in the Philippines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lebombo Bone is considered the oldest known mathematical artifact.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The galleon trade benefited all Filipinos equally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Superstitious beliefs during the Spanish era encouraged the growth of science.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Americans had less influence on the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protecting biodiversity is achieved, in part, by implementing existing laws.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ASEAN countries use a biosafety and standard model.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Common safety standards are not related to food.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The government provides funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Funding for research projects never comes from Overseas Development Aid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are no scholarships for science and technology studies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Balik Scientist Program encourages Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science and technology parks encourage partnerships between industry and universities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The National Science Complex is located within the University of the Philippines campus in Manila.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Engineering and Science Education Program aims to produce more PhD graduates.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education is strengthened at an early stage through the Philippine Science High School system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The K to 10 program includes STEM as a major track.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PICARI allows higher education institutions in the Philippines to work with US-based research institutes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lourdes Jansuy Cruz is known for her research on herbal medicine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rafael Dineros Guerrero III conducted research on tilapia culture.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laws related to science and tech only deal with conservation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policies should not align to national goals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. is known for drugs testing invention on the meconium.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lilian Formalejo Patena is known for her research in physics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz is noted for her work as an outstanding educator and graph theorist.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gregory Ligot Tangonan's research is in the field of agricultural science.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caesar A. Saloma is an internationally renowned physicist.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edgardo Gomez is a famous scientist in the field of chemistry.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Padolina is the president of the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in the Philippines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angel Alcala is a famous scientist in the field of marine science.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The University of the Philippines-Los Baños is renowned for its programs in marine science.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The University of the Philippines Visayas is a national center for marine science.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The University of the Philippines Manila is a center of excellence in engineering.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education includes teaching, learning, and understanding science.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Dewey, the natural environment has no role to play in science education.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) was established in 2002.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education is irrelevant to the development of science and technology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous knowledge is typically learned in a classroom setting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parents are often the first teachers in transmitting indigenous knowledge.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous knowledge is disconnected from the culture and environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Predicting weather by observing animal behavior is an example of indigenous knowledge.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using chemical fertilizers is considered indigenous knowledge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classifying plants and animals based on cultural properties is not a part of indigenous knowledge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous technology is never used in daily life by indigenous people.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous science is completely separate from the indigenous knowledge system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous science guides societies in interactions with their natural environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous science excludes practical technologies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education in basic education focuses solely on memorizing facts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous beliefs can conflict with scientific attitudes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education develops positive attitudes such as a love for knowledge and curiosity about nature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Land is considered a source of life in indigenous science.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education in tertiary education focuses only on offering basic science courses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) is primarily for gifted students in the Philippines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PSHSS students are discouraged from pursuing science and technology degrees after graduation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project aims to develop children with scientific and technological skills.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science and Health is ONLY taught in Grade 6 with a longer time compared to other subjects in SSES.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quezon City Regional Science High School was established in 1999.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quezon City Regional Science High School curriculum focuses solely on science and technology, omitting basic education courses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manila Science High School (MSHS) was the first science high school in the Philippines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MSHS focuses exclusively on science and mathematics, neglecting humanities courses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MSHS only considers academic performance for admission.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MSAT has three parts: aptitude in mathematics, problem-solving in Mathematics and proficiency in English

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central Visayan Institute Foundation implements the Static Learning Program (SLP).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Science education prepares individuals for science-related careers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Revolution

A period of major advancements in scientific thought during the Renaissance.

Curiosity in Science

The desire to know and discover that drives scientific inquiry.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

Heliocentric Model

The astronomical model where the sun is at the center of the universe.

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Thought Experiment

An idea or hypothesis that is examined mentally without physical experimentation.

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Commentariolus

A manuscript summarizing Copernicus's ideas on heliocentrism.

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Influence of Müeller's Epitome

Significant book that inspired Copernicus's cosmic ideas through earlier observations.

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Church Condemnation

Historical context where many scientists were rejected or punished by religious authorities.

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Contributions of China

Significant advancements in various fields including mathematics, medicine, and philosophy.

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Needham's observation

Cultural factors in China hindered modern scientific development according to Needham.

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Golden Age of Islam

A period (7th to 13th century) of significant Muslim scholarship and scientific advancements.

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Ibn al-Haytham

Known as the Father of Optics; proved intromission theory of light.

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Algebra origin

Derived from 'al-jabr', introduced by mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.

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Arabic Numeral System

Numerical system refined by Muslim mathematicians, originally from India.

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Jabir ibn Hayyan

Revered as the Father of Chemistry, pivotal in alchemy's development into chemistry.

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Ibn Sina's contributions

Pioneered experimental medicine; wrote influential medical texts, including 'The Canon of Medicine'.

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Experimental method

The reliance on experiments over thought alone, important in the Muslim scientific approach.

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African contributions to science

Ancient African civilizations made advances in fields like medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.

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Egyptian geometry

Developed for land preservation and construction of structures, essential in ancient Egypt.

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Early African calendars

Africans used lunar, solar, and stellar calendars for time-keeping and agriculture.

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Lebombo Bone

Considered the oldest mathematical artifact, dated from 35,000 BCE, possibly for simple calculations.

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Alchemy in Egypt

Ancient Egyptians focused on chemistry's precursor, exploring human anatomy and pharmacology.

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Copernicus

An astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

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De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Copernicus's book that described his theories on the universe.

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Planetary motion

Movement of planets in relation to the Sun.

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Mayan civilization

An ancient civilization known for advancements in astronomy and calendars.

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Calendar systems

Complex systems developed by the Mayans for timekeeping and agriculture.

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Chichén Itzá

A Mayan pyramid used for astronomical observation.

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Mayan hieroglyphics

A writing system developed by the Mayans for communication.

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Inca civilization

A significant civilization in Mesoamerica known for engineering and agriculture.

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Irrigation systems

Techniques developed by Incas to supply water to crops.

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Suspension bridge

A type of bridge first developed by the Incas.

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Quipu

A record-keeping system of knotted ropes used by the Incas.

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Concept of zero

An abstract idea developed by the Mayans independently.

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Astonishing advances

Impressive scientific knowledge prior to European arrival.

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Charles Darwin

Naturalist known for his theory of evolution through natural selection.

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Psychoanalysis

A psychological theory developed by Sigmund Freud to understand human behavior.

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Indigenous science

Traditional knowledge and practices passed through generations, particularly in pre-Spanish Philippines.

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Galleon trade

A trade route that connected the Philippines with other countries, influencing culture and technology.

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Metal Age artifacts

Historical tools and designs made from metals that demonstrate technological progress in early civilizations.

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Filipino education during Spanish era

Formal education introduced by Spaniards focusing on disciplines and subjects.

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Technological exchange

The transfer of technological knowledge and tools between different cultures and societies.

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Public education system

System established by Americans to improve education in the Philippines.

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Health conditions improvement

Advances in medical care and hygiene introduced by American colonizers.

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University of the Philippines

A modern research university established during American colonization, improving higher education.

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Cultural practices

Traditional beliefs and activities that define a group, often influencing science and technology.

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Western influence

The impact of Western ideas and practices on Filipino society during colonial eras.

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Inca textiles

Artistic achievements in weaving and fabric production by the Inca civilization.

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Mandatory education (Aztec)

Education required for all Aztec children regardless of social status or gender.

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Chocolate (Aztec)

Cacao beans were highly valued and used to make chocolate, also seen as currency.

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Chinampa

A farming technology used by the Aztecs to create floating gardens for agriculture.

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Aztec calendar

A system developed by the Aztecs to track time for rituals and agricultural cycles.

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Ayurveda

Traditional Indian medicine system focusing on balance in bodily systems.

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Susruta Samhita

Ancient Indian text detailing surgical techniques and medical practices.

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Aryabhata

Indian mathematician who introduced trigonometric functions and algorithms.

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Zero

Concept introduced by Brahmagupta, used as a placeholder and digit in mathematics.

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Chinese compass

An important navigational tool developed in ancient China for orientation.

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Acupuncture

Traditional Chinese medical practice using needles to alleviate pain and treat illnesses.

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Seismology (Chinese)

Study of earthquakes, with early advancements in detection and preparedness in ancient China.

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Iron plough

Agricultural tool invented by the Chinese to enhance farming efficiency.

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Mohenjo-daro ruler

Ancient standardized measuring tool from the Indus Valley Civilization.

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Lunar calendar (Chinese)

Calendar system based on the phases of the moon, used for agriculture and festivals.

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American Influence on Education

The effort by Americans to reform Philippine education by introducing science and improving curricula.

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Science Education Focus

Science education in the Philippines emphasizes nature studies and sanitation, evolving into a formal subject called 'Science.'

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Impact of World War II

World War II devastated Philippine infrastructure, creating significant challenges for rebuilding.

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Reparation Funds

Monetary reparations from Japan aimed at restoring schools, hospitals, and infrastructure post-WWII.

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Overseas Development Allocations (ODA)

Funds from various countries used to enhance the Philippines' scientific and technological capabilities.

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Human Resource Development

Focus on producing more skilled professionals like engineers and doctors in the Philippines.

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Challenges in Science Education

Despite improvements, quality science education in the Philippines remains a significant challenge, with low enrollment in STEM courses.

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Government Policies on Science

Philippine programs aimed at enhancing science and technology to meet global demands.

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ASEAN 2015 Goals

Objectives set by ASEAN members encouraging educational and technological advancements within member countries.

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Consultation by NCRP

The National Research Council of the Philippines consulted different sectors to propose guidelines for national competitiveness in ASEAN.

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Four Policy Clusters by NCRP

Categorization of recommendations focusing on social sciences, engineering, medical sciences, and more.

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Mother Tongue in Education

Integrating native language into education as part of the Philippine government's strategy.

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Local Food Security

A government initiative to ensure that local populations have access to sufficient food supplies.

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Standards Compliance in Pharma

Mandate for drug manufacturers to meet ASEAN standards for safety and quality.

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Human Genome Projects Legislation

Laws encouraging research in human genetics as part of the healthcare advancement initiative.

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Biodiversity Conservation

Protecting and preserving different species and ecosystems.

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Biosafety Standards

Regulations to ensure safety in biological research and practices.

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Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Local wisdom and practices used by indigenous communities for conservation.

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Common Food Standards

Agreed regulations ensuring food safety and quality among countries.

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DOST

Department of Science and Technology in the Philippines supporting research.

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Research Funding

Financial support provided for conducting scientific research.

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Philippine Science High School

Specialized school system for training future scientists in the Philippines.

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Balik Scientist Program

Incentives for Filipino scientists abroad to return and contribute locally.

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National Science Complex

A facility aimed at enhancing science education and research capabilities.

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Capacity-Building Programs

Initiatives designed to enhance skills and develop scientific expertise.

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K to 12 STEM Tracks

Educational curriculum focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

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PICARI Project

Collaboration between Philippine and US institutions for research advancement.

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Science and Technology Laws

Legislation guiding the development of science and technology in the Philippines.

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Social Needs in Science Policy

Policies must respond to community issues and social demands.

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Filipino Scientists

Notable individuals from the Philippines contributing to various scientific fields.

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Influence of Colonialism

Colonial powers shaped the development of science in the Philippines.

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Lourdes Jansuy Cruz

Known for her research on sea snail venom in science.

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Herbal Medicine Research

Fabian Millar Dayrit's notable work on herbal medicine.

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Tilapia Culture

Rafael Dineros Guerrero III researched tilapia farming techniques.

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Biotechnology Research

Lilian Formalejo Patena focused on biotechnology in plants.

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Graph Theory Education

Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz recognized for contributions in graph theory.

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Communications Technology

Gregory Ligot Tangonan's research area in technology.

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University of the Philippines-Los Baños

A center for agricultural and forestry sciences.

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Marine Science Center

University of the Philippines Visayas specializes in marine science.

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Science Education Importance

Teaching and learning science is crucial for societal needs.

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John Dewey's Philosophy

Emphasized learning through natural environment interaction.

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Globalization & Science

Philippines invests in science due to globalization demands.

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Science Culture Development

Importance of cultivating a culture that values scientific inquiry.

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DLP

A teaching approach combining classical and modern pedagogical theories.

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Research Center for Theoretical Physics

RCTP, established in 1992, facilitates workshops on physics and mathematics.

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Science education

The process of teaching and learning science to develop scientific literacy.

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Indigenous knowledge

Cultural wisdom passed from generation to generation through daily experiences.

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Weather prediction

Indigenous knowledge using animal behavior and celestial observations to forecast conditions.

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Herbal medicine

Traditional use of plants for healing based on community experience.

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Traditional knowledge

Local expertise and skills held by communities about their environment.

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Community values

Beliefs that guide the practices and interactions of a community with the environment.

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Indigenous farming methods

Agricultural practices developed historically by indigenous communities based on local conditions.

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Cultural interdependence

The concept that all living and nonliving things are connected and dependent.

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Science process skills

Essential skills in science such as observing, comparing, and inferring to acquire knowledge.

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Ethno-biology

A branch of study focusing on the relationship between cultures and their biological knowledge.

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Metaphysics in indigenous science

The philosophical foundation underlying indigenous beliefs and practices related to nature.

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Values in science

Desirable attitudes developed through indigenous beliefs that enhance learning in science.

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Critical Thinking Skills

Skills that enable individuals to analyze and evaluate arguments and ideas.

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Philippine Science High School System

A government program for gifted students emphasizing science education.

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Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)

Schools aimed at nurturing scientific skills in elementary students.

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Dynamic Learning Program (DLP)

Innovative educational approach from Central Visayan Institute Foundation.

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Life Skills

Essential skills needed for daily living and effective interaction.

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Holistic Development

Fostering overall development including academic, emotional, and social growth.

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General Education Curriculum

Curriculum that includes basic science courses in tertiary education.

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Quezon City Regional Science High School

Regional science school focusing on science and technology for gifted students.

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Manila Science High School

First science high school in the Philippines with an emphasis on science and math.

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Admissions Test (MSAT)

Entrance exam for Manila Science High School assessing science and math aptitude.

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Positive Attitudes in Science

Encouragement of curiosity, creativity, and love for knowledge in students.

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Curriculum Utilization

Implementation of varied teaching approaches to accommodate learning styles.

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Science Career Preparation

Education pathways aimed at equipping students for careers in science fields.

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Lifelong Learning Skills

Skills promoting continuous education and personal development throughout life.

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Study Notes

Scientific Revolution

  • Driven by curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity, scientists explore the natural world.
  • Scientists are ordinary individuals making extraordinary discoveries, often facing persecution.
  • The Scientific Revolution marked a shift from thought experiments to data-driven, experimental approaches.

Nicolaus Copernicus

  • Copernicus's heliocentric model placed the Sun at the center of the universe.
  • Earth and other planets orbit the Sun.
  • The model provided a logical sequence for planetary placement, ordering them by distance from the Sun.
  • Copernicus proposed two categories of planetary orbits, with Venus and Mercury closer and Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn further from the Sun.
  • The position of stars presented a significant challenge in the model.
  • The Copernican model was initially deemed heretical by the Catholic Church.

Charles Darwin

  • Darwin's theory of evolution revolutionized understanding of life's creation and development.
  • Darwin's interest in natural history began during his time at Shrewsbury School.
  • Observes surrounding while collecting specimens and reading his father's library.
  • Darwin's published book, The Origin of Species, presented extensive evidence supporting evolution via natural selection.

Mesoamerican Science

  • Mesoamerica, encompassing Central America and Southern Mexico, had advanced civilizations before European colonization.
  • The Maya, lasting over 2,000 years, were skilled astronomers, evidenced by their temples' astronomical alignments.
  • Maya's understanding of celestial bodies enabled them to predict eclipses and use astronomical cycles for agriculture.
  • Maya developed complex calendrical systems and advanced agricultural technologies.
  • They developed sophisticated hydraulic systems and tools, in arts, mathematics, and writing.
  • Inca civilization is famous for roads, buildings, irrigation systems, a 12-month calendar, suspension bridges, quipu (knotted record-keeping system), and textiles.
  • Aztec civilization contributed to education, chocolate, antispasmodic medicine, chinampa (agricultural method), a calendar, and canoes.

Asian Science

  • India, China, and the Middle East contributed significantly to knowledge development during ancient periods
  • Ancient Indian advancements include iron production, metallurgy, the medical system of Ayurveda, theories on the universe, a 360-day year, and mathematical concepts like zero and positional value.
  • Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata introduced trigonometry and algebraic algorithms. Brahmagupta suggested gravity as an attraction force.
  • Chinese advancements include traditional medicine, tools like gunpowder, papermaking, compass, printing, iron plow, wheelbarrow, bridges, seismographs, and dry docks.
  • They studied astronomy, recording supernovas, eclipses, and comets.

Middle East Science

  • Muslim scholars, during the Islamic Golden Age, championed experimental science
  • Ibn al-Haytham is considered the Father of Optics for his empirical study of light.
  • Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi contributed to algebra and algorithms.
  • Muslim scientists refined the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including decimal point notation.
  • Jabir ibn Hayyan is regarded as the "Father of Chemistry".
  • Ibn Sina, often credited as the "Father of Experimental Medicine," conducted clinical trials and penned numerous significant medical works.

African Science

  • Ancient Egyptian civilization made significant advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, particularly geometry for surveying land.
  • Egypt developed complex architecture and hydraulic systems as evidence of advanced civilization.
  • Alchemy, a medieval precursor to chemistry, flourished.
  • Egyptians studied anatomy, pharmacology, and used systems for disease diagnoses, treatments, and prognoses.
  • Africans developed diverse calendrical systems (lunar, solar, stellar).
  • Metallurgy was advanced in North Africa and the Nile Valley.
  • Mathematical tools, including the Lebombo Bone dated to 35,000 BCE, indicate early mathematical practices.

Philippine Science

  • Indigenous Filipinos practiced science in agriculture and medicine, predicting seasons, and utilizing tools and technologies.
  • Spanish colonization introduced formal science education concepts.
  • American influences led to public education, improvements in research, mineral exploration, and communication.
  • World War II disrupted progress but reparation funds fueled reconstruction.
  • Post-independence efforts focused on human resource development and leveraging ODA (Overseas Development Assistance).
  • Philippine government policies target improving science and technology competitiveness, especially within ASEAN.
  • Numerous Filipino scientists have made significant contributions in various fields.

Science Education

  • Science education involves teaching diverse pedagogical theories, developing science process skills, and nurturing students' curiosity. Science literacy involves applying scientific understanding to everyday situations.
  • Basic education fosters an appreciation for science, life skills, critical thinking, and positive attitudes towards knowledge and innovation.
  • Tertiary education focuses on developing understanding and appreciation of science and scientific works through courses.
  • Science schools such as PSHSS and SSES are established to develop future scientists.

Indigenous Science in Philippines

  • Indigenous knowledge system, embedded in daily life, teaches practical skills for survival.
  • Indigenous science utilizes science process skills and is culturally influenced.
  • Indigenous beliefs often value preservation of the environment and the interconnectedness of all things.
  • Indigenous science incorporates traditional knowledge, practices, and values.

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Description

This text explores the scientific contributions of Copernicus and contrasts them with misconceptions about the Aztecs. It covers Copernicus's astronomical observations, challenges to established ideas, and his impact on understanding the Universe amid the lack of advancements of the Aztecs.

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