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Questions and Answers
What type of movements does damage to the cerebellum primarily affect?
What type of movements does damage to the cerebellum primarily affect?
Where is the grey matter located in the medulla oblongata?
Where is the grey matter located in the medulla oblongata?
Which of the following is an involuntary action controlled by the medulla oblongata?
Which of the following is an involuntary action controlled by the medulla oblongata?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which structure serves as the reflex center for coordinating actions like sneezing and coughing?
Which structure serves as the reflex center for coordinating actions like sneezing and coughing?
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Which statement about the anatomical arrangement of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata is true?
Which statement about the anatomical arrangement of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata is true?
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What protects the central nervous system?
What protects the central nervous system?
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What is the primary role of reflex actions?
What is the primary role of reflex actions?
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What is the primary role of insulin in the regulation of blood glucose levels?
What is the primary role of insulin in the regulation of blood glucose levels?
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Which statement regarding hormones is accurate?
Which statement regarding hormones is accurate?
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How does insulin affect liver cells specifically?
How does insulin affect liver cells specifically?
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What kind of glands are responsible for hormone secretion into the bloodstream?
What kind of glands are responsible for hormone secretion into the bloodstream?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hormones?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hormones?
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Which process occurs after insulin binds to its receptor in liver cells?
Which process occurs after insulin binds to its receptor in liver cells?
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What is the result of insulin's action on blood glucose levels?
What is the result of insulin's action on blood glucose levels?
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Why are hormones considered effective even in very low concentrations?
Why are hormones considered effective even in very low concentrations?
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What is the primary function of sensory neurones?
What is the primary function of sensory neurones?
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Which statement accurately describes interneurones?
Which statement accurately describes interneurones?
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What characterizes motor neurones?
What characterizes motor neurones?
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What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurones?
What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurones?
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Which type of neurone is involved in transmitting impulses towards the CNS?
Which type of neurone is involved in transmitting impulses towards the CNS?
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What is true about the structure of nerves?
What is true about the structure of nerves?
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Which of the following describes the overall shape of cell bodies in certain neurones?
Which of the following describes the overall shape of cell bodies in certain neurones?
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What do effectors do in relation to motor neurones?
What do effectors do in relation to motor neurones?
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What primarily comprises the cerebral cortex?
What primarily comprises the cerebral cortex?
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How are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?
How are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?
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What does grey matter primarily consist of?
What does grey matter primarily consist of?
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What characterizes the structure of the cerebral cortex?
What characterizes the structure of the cerebral cortex?
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Which hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the opposite side of the body?
Which hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the opposite side of the body?
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What is found beneath the cerebral cortex?
What is found beneath the cerebral cortex?
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Why does white matter appear white?
Why does white matter appear white?
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What main structures provide mechanical protection to the central nervous system?
What main structures provide mechanical protection to the central nervous system?
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Which structure fills the space between the inner and middle meninges?
Which structure fills the space between the inner and middle meninges?
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What condition can be caused by bacterial inflammation of the meninges?
What condition can be caused by bacterial inflammation of the meninges?
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What role does cerebrospinal fluid play in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
What role does cerebrospinal fluid play in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
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How are damaged neurones in the central nervous system typically repaired?
How are damaged neurones in the central nervous system typically repaired?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
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What is the primary function of the meninges?
What is the primary function of the meninges?
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Which part of the central nervous system is housed within the vertebral column?
Which part of the central nervous system is housed within the vertebral column?
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Which of the following best describes the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following best describes the central nervous system (CNS)?
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What adaptation allows long nerve fibres in neurones to effectively transmit nerve impulses?
What adaptation allows long nerve fibres in neurones to effectively transmit nerve impulses?
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What type of neurone features long dendrons and a short axon?
What type of neurone features long dendrons and a short axon?
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Which feature of neurones allows them to communicate with multiple other neurones?
Which feature of neurones allows them to communicate with multiple other neurones?
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Which of the following correctly describes the function of motor neurones?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of motor neurones?
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What is a significant characteristic of an interneurone?
What is a significant characteristic of an interneurone?
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What is the role of a myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibres?
What is the role of a myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibres?
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Study Notes
Coordination in Humans
- The human brain is about 2% of body weight, but uses 20% of the body's total energy.
- Coordination is carried out by two systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
- The nervous system is for nervous coordination.
- The endocrine system is for hormonal coordination.
Chapter Preview
- 17.1: Coordination and the nervous system
- 17.2: Neurones as the basic units of the nervous system
- 17.3: The central nervous system
- 17.4: Reflex actions and voluntary actions
- 17.5: The endocrine system
- 17.6: Comparison between nervous and hormonal coordination.
- 17.1: The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Dementia
- Dementia is a progressive disease affecting the brain, causing cognitive decline (memory, thinking, etc.).
- Alzheimer's disease is a common cause of dementia.
- Abnormal protein buildup in the brain disrupts communication, damaging brain cells.
Neurones as Basic Units
- Neurons are specialized nerve cells for transmitting nerve impulses.
- They consist of a cell body, dendrites (branches for receiving signals), and an axon (for signal transmission).
- Myelin sheaths insulate axons, speeding up impulse transmission.
Types of Neurons
- Sensory neurons carry impulses from receptors to the CNS.
- Motor neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).
- Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.
Structure of a Nerve
- A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers encased in connective tissue.
- Nerve fibers may be sensory or motor.
- Some nerves contain only sensory or motor fibers, others contain both.
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
- Nerve impulses are electrochemical signals traveling along axons.
- Impulses jump across synaptic gaps between neurons via neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons.
Transmission of Nerve Impulses at Synapses
- Nerve impulses cannot jump across synaptic gaps directly.
- Neurotransmitters are released to propagate the signal.
Protection of the CNS
- The CNS (brain and spinal cord) is protected by the skull, vertebral column, and meninges.
- Cerebrospinal fluid cushions and provides mechanical support.
Main Parts of the Brain and their Functions:
- Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions (consciousness, memory, language).
- Cerebellum: Maintains balance and coordinates complex movements.
- Medulla oblongata: Controls involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Processes information and initiates appropriate responses.
- The CNS (brain and spinal cord) plays a key role in coordinating the body's responses to stimuli.
- The brain is protected by the cranium (skull), and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
- The brain and spinal cord are covered in three meninges to protect them mechanically.
- The cerebrospinal fluid cushions these organs.
- The cerebrospinal fluid provides a shock absorbing effect, delivers nutrients and hormones, and removes waste products from the brain and spinal cord.
Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord is a long cylindrical structure.
- The spinal cord is composed of white matter (nerve fibers) and grey matter (neuronal cell bodies).
- The brain and the spinal cord are continuous.
Reflex Actions
- A reflex is a quick, involuntary response to a stimulus.
- Reflexes occur below the level of consciousness and do not involve the cerebrum.
- Reflexes protect the body from harm.
Voluntary Actions
- Voluntary actions are conscious and under the control of the cerebrum.
- These actions require the conscious decision to perform them.
The Endocrine System
- The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- These hormones regulate various bodily functions and are often used for long-term control.
Comparison between Nervous and Hormonal Coordination
- Nervous coordination is very quick and short-lived, involving the transmission of electrical impulses.
- Hormonal coordination is slower but its effects can last much longer, involving the transmission of hormones.
Types of Coordination
- Nervous coordination involves neurons and the transmission of nerve impulses.
- Hormonal coordination involves glands and hormones.
Conditioned Reflex
- A conditioned reflex is a learned response to a stimulus, not an innate response.
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Description
Explore the fascinating topic of human coordination as we delve into the nervous and endocrine systems. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the structure and function of neurones, reflex actions, and the comparison between nervous and hormonal coordination. Test your understanding and knowledge gained from Chapter 17.
