Coordination in Humans - Chapter 17
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Questions and Answers

What type of movements does damage to the cerebellum primarily affect?

  • Reflex actions
  • Voluntary movements (correct)
  • Involuntary movements
  • Automatic processes

Where is the grey matter located in the medulla oblongata?

  • Distributed evenly throughout
  • On the outer layer
  • Only in the brainstem
  • In the inner layer (correct)

Which of the following is an involuntary action controlled by the medulla oblongata?

  • Speaking
  • Breathing (correct)
  • Writing
  • Walking

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordinating voluntary movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the reflex center for coordinating actions like sneezing and coughing?

<p>Medulla oblongata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the anatomical arrangement of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata is true?

<p>Cerebellum has grey matter on the outer layer; medulla has it on the inner layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protects the central nervous system?

<p>Cranium and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of reflex actions?

<p>To occur automatically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of insulin in the regulation of blood glucose levels?

<p>To facilitate the uptake of glucose by liver cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding hormones is accurate?

<p>Hormones can affect multiple target organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin affect liver cells specifically?

<p>Liver cells increase their uptake of glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of glands are responsible for hormone secretion into the bloodstream?

<p>Ductless glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hormones?

<p>They only act on one specific target organ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs after insulin binds to its receptor in liver cells?

<p>Excess glucose is converted into glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin's action on blood glucose levels?

<p>Blood glucose levels stabilize or return to normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are hormones considered effective even in very low concentrations?

<p>They can amplify their effects at the cellular level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory neurones?

<p>To convey signals from receptors to the central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes interneurones?

<p>They connect sensory and motor neurones within the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes motor neurones?

<p>They transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurones?

<p>It insulates the axon and speeds up impulse transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurone is involved in transmitting impulses towards the CNS?

<p>Sensory neurones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the structure of nerves?

<p>They can be made up of sensory or motor neurone fibres. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the overall shape of cell bodies in certain neurones?

<p>They have irregular shapes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do effectors do in relation to motor neurones?

<p>They act on impulses received from motor neurones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily comprises the cerebral cortex?

<p>Cell bodies of neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?

<p>By nerve fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does grey matter primarily consist of?

<p>Cell bodies of neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Highly folded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the opposite side of the body?

<p>Left hemisphere controls the right side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found beneath the cerebral cortex?

<p>White matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does white matter appear white?

<p>Due to white myelin sheaths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main structures provide mechanical protection to the central nervous system?

<p>Skull and vertebral column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure fills the space between the inner and middle meninges?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can be caused by bacterial inflammation of the meninges?

<p>Meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cerebrospinal fluid play in relation to the brain and spinal cord?

<p>It acts as a shock absorber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are damaged neurones in the central nervous system typically repaired?

<p>Repaired slowly or not at all (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Facilitating neural communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the meninges?

<p>To protect the brain and spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system is housed within the vertebral column?

<p>Spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>It consists of the brain and the spinal cord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation allows long nerve fibres in neurones to effectively transmit nerve impulses?

<p>Insulation from the myelin sheath. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurone features long dendrons and a short axon?

<p>Sensory neurone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of neurones allows them to communicate with multiple other neurones?

<p>Many dendritic branches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the function of motor neurones?

<p>They transmit impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of an interneurone?

<p>It exists entirely within the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibres?

<p>To prevent loss of impulses and speed up transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensory Neuron

A type of neuron that carries impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

Motor Neuron

A type of neuron that carries impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).

Interneuron

A type of neuron that connects other neurons within the CNS. They act as intermediaries, aiding in the processing of information between sensory and motor neurons.

Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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Dendrites

The branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty substance that covers the axons of some neurons, acting as an insulator and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.

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Nerve

Bundles of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue that carry impulses to and from the CNS.

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Receptors

Specialized cells or structures that respond to specific stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses.

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What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS), which controls all the body's activities. It's a crucial part of our nervous system!

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What are neurons and why are they important for the central nervous system?

Neurons are the building blocks of the central nervous system. Damage to these cells can be slow to heal or even permanent.

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How are the brain and spinal cord protected?

The skull protects the brain, and the vertebral column (backbone) protects the spinal cord. These structures provide strong physical protection.

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What are the meninges?

The meninges are a set of three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, offering another layer of protection.

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What is cerebrospinal fluid and what does it do?

Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord, preventing damage from shocks and bumps. It also provides essential support.

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What is meningitis?

Inflammation of the meninges is called meningitis. This condition can be caused by bacteria or viruses and can be diagnosed by testing cerebrospinal fluid.

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How is bacterial meningitis treated?

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial meningitis.

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How do neurons communicate?

A neuron can communicate with many other neurons. This allows the brain to process information and control complex actions.

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Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher functions like consciousness, voluntary actions, speech, and movement.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for processing information and controlling higher-level functions.

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Foldings of the Cerebral Cortex

The folded structure of the cerebral cortex, which increases surface area for more neurons to fit.

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Grey Matter

The tissue in the brain consisting of neuron cell bodies, appearing gray due to the lack of myelin.

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White Matter

The tissue in the brain composed of myelinated nerve fibers, appearing white due to the presence of myelin.

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Cerebral Hemispheres

The two halves of the cerebrum, separated by a deep groove and connected by nerve fibers.

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Hemisphere Control

The left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

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Nerve Fibers Connecting Hemispheres

The nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between them.

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What are neurons?

Nerve cells that transmit signals throughout the nervous system, enabling communication between different parts of the body.

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What is an axon?

Long, slender projections of neurons that carry signals away from the cell body.

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What are dendrites?

Branching extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.

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What is the myelin sheath?

A fatty substance that covers some axons, insulating them and speeding up nerve impulse transmission.

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What are sensory neurons?

Nerve cells that carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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What are motor neurons?

Nerve cells that carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.

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What are interneurons?

Nerve cells that connect other neurons within the CNS, aiding in processing information.

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Cerebellum's Outer Layer

The outer layer of the cerebellum, responsible for precise and coordinated voluntary movements. It's made of gray matter, while the inner layer is made of white matter.

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Cerebellum Function

The cerebellum is part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle contractions, ensuring smooth movements, and maintaining balance.

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Cerebellum Damage Effects

Damage to the cerebellum can disrupt coordination, leading to jerky and uncoordinated movements.

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Medulla Oblongata Location and Function

The medulla oblongata is located at the base of the brain and controls vital involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing.

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Medulla Oblongata Structure

Unlike the cerebrum and cerebellum, the medulla oblongata has gray matter on the inside and white matter on the outside.

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Medulla Oblongata as a Reflex Center

The medulla oblongata acts as the reflex center, coordinating reflex actions like sneezing, coughing, and swallowing.

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Reflex Actions

Reflex actions are involuntary and automatic responses to stimuli, like withdrawing your hand from a hot object.

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Involuntary Actions

Involuntary actions are those that are not under conscious control, like heartbeat and breathing.

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What are hormones?

A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream. They are highly specific, acting on particular target organs, and are effective in very low concentrations.

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What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel throughout the body to regulate various functions.

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What is insulin?

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It helps cells absorb glucose from the blood and convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage.

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How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin. This hormone binds to receptors on liver cells, stimulating them to absorb more glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen.

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What is glycogen?

A complex carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscles. It can be readily broken down into glucose when blood sugar levels need to be raised.

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What is blood circulation?

It's the process by which blood is circulated throughout the body. The heart acts as a pump, propelling blood through a network of blood vessels.

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How does the liver contribute to blood glucose regulation?

The liver plays an essential role in regulating blood glucose levels. It stores glucose in the form of glycogen, releases glucose into the bloodstream when needed, and helps process other nutrients from food.

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Why is the small intestine important for blood glucose regulation?

The small intestine is where most of the absorption of nutrients, including glucose, occurs. After digestion, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Study Notes

Coordination in Humans

  • The human brain is about 2% of body weight, but uses 20% of the body's total energy.
  • Coordination is carried out by two systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
  • The nervous system is for nervous coordination.
  • The endocrine system is for hormonal coordination.

Chapter Preview

  • 17.1: Coordination and the nervous system
  • 17.2: Neurones as the basic units of the nervous system
  • 17.3: The central nervous system
  • 17.4: Reflex actions and voluntary actions
  • 17.5: The endocrine system
  • 17.6: Comparison between nervous and hormonal coordination.
  • 17.1: The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Dementia

  • Dementia is a progressive disease affecting the brain, causing cognitive decline (memory, thinking, etc.).
  • Alzheimer's disease is a common cause of dementia.
  • Abnormal protein buildup in the brain disrupts communication, damaging brain cells.

Neurones as Basic Units

  • Neurons are specialized nerve cells for transmitting nerve impulses.
  • They consist of a cell body, dendrites (branches for receiving signals), and an axon (for signal transmission).
  • Myelin sheaths insulate axons, speeding up impulse transmission.

Types of Neurons

  • Sensory neurons carry impulses from receptors to the CNS.
  • Motor neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).
  • Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

Structure of a Nerve

  • A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers encased in connective tissue.
  • Nerve fibers may be sensory or motor.
  • Some nerves contain only sensory or motor fibers, others contain both.

Transmission of Nerve Impulses

  • Nerve impulses are electrochemical signals traveling along axons.
  • Impulses jump across synaptic gaps between neurons via neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons.

Transmission of Nerve Impulses at Synapses

  • Nerve impulses cannot jump across synaptic gaps directly.
  • Neurotransmitters are released to propagate the signal.

Protection of the CNS

  • The CNS (brain and spinal cord) is protected by the skull, vertebral column, and meninges.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid cushions and provides mechanical support.

Main Parts of the Brain and their Functions:

  • Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions (consciousness, memory, language).
  • Cerebellum: Maintains balance and coordinates complex movements.
  • Medulla oblongata: Controls involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Processes information and initiates appropriate responses.
  • The CNS (brain and spinal cord) plays a key role in coordinating the body's responses to stimuli.
  • The brain is protected by the cranium (skull), and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
  • The brain and spinal cord are covered in three meninges to protect them mechanically.
  • The cerebrospinal fluid cushions these organs.
  • The cerebrospinal fluid provides a shock absorbing effect, delivers nutrients and hormones, and removes waste products from the brain and spinal cord.

Spinal Cord

  • The spinal cord is a long cylindrical structure.
  • The spinal cord is composed of white matter (nerve fibers) and grey matter (neuronal cell bodies).
  • The brain and the spinal cord are continuous.

Reflex Actions

  • A reflex is a quick, involuntary response to a stimulus.
  • Reflexes occur below the level of consciousness and do not involve the cerebrum.
  • Reflexes protect the body from harm.

Voluntary Actions

  • Voluntary actions are conscious and under the control of the cerebrum.
  • These actions require the conscious decision to perform them.

The Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • These hormones regulate various bodily functions and are often used for long-term control.

Comparison between Nervous and Hormonal Coordination

  • Nervous coordination is very quick and short-lived, involving the transmission of electrical impulses.
  • Hormonal coordination is slower but its effects can last much longer, involving the transmission of hormones.

Types of Coordination

  • Nervous coordination involves neurons and the transmission of nerve impulses.
  • Hormonal coordination involves glands and hormones.

Conditioned Reflex

  • A conditioned reflex is a learned response to a stimulus, not an innate response.

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TE 17 Coordination in Humans PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating topic of human coordination as we delve into the nervous and endocrine systems. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the structure and function of neurones, reflex actions, and the comparison between nervous and hormonal coordination. Test your understanding and knowledge gained from Chapter 17.

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