Coordinate Systems & Projections
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Coordinate Systems & Projections

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of a reference map?

  • To classify data into quantitative ranges
  • To demonstrate particular features or concepts
  • To emphasize the location of spatial phenomena (correct)
  • To visualize population density specifically

    • Which type of map uses shading or patterns in relation to the quantitative value of features?

  • Isopleth map
  • Proportional symbol map
  • Dot (density) map
  • Choropleth map (correct)

    • How does ArcGIS Pro handle layers with different coordinate systems?

  • It projects them to the map's spatial reference in real-time (correct)
  • It displays them without any reference system
  • It converts all layers to the first layer's coordinate system
  • It ignores the additional layers

    • What characterizes a thematic map compared to a reference map?

    <p>It focuses on one or more geographic attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context are choropleth maps most useful?

    <p>Displaying variations in demographic or statistical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a proportional symbol map?

    <p>Sizes are proportional to the magnitude of data at a location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an isopleth map?

    <p>It displays lines indicating equal values across areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT one of the major classification methods for organizing information?

    <p>Moving average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of color can be defined as its brightness or darkness?

    <p>Lightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of geocoding, what is the first step in the process?

    <p>Prepare data including the address event table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of map uses dots to represent occurrences with randomized locations?

    <p>Dot density map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about classification methods?

    <p>Equal interval divides data into equal-sized ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of color ramp is used to depict non-ordered categories?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)?

    <p>Measuring locations on the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the course contents?

    <p>Data Mining Techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of geodesy?

    <p>To accurately measure and understand the Earth's shape and gravity field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Earth’s shape is true?

    <p>The Earth is wider along the equator than between the poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Earth's surface modeled in basic discussions of map projections?

    <p>As a sphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total grade is made up by the midterm exam in the course?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a geodetic datum?

    <p>A mathematical model that serves as a reference for geographic coordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are projected coordinate systems different from geographic coordinate systems?

    <p>Projected systems are localized to reduce visual distortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a spatial analysis technique mentioned in the course?

    <p>Slope analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of all map projections?

    <p>They introduce some form of distortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coordinates does the Geographic Coordinate System primarily use?

    <p>Latitude and longitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of GIS, choropleth maps are primarily used for what purpose?

    <p>Showing population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which map projection is best suited for land masses extending in an east-west orientation at mid-latitudes?

    <p>Albers Equal Area Conic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of using a State Plane Coordinate System?

    <p>It ensures very high accuracy for localized applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these processes is involved in vector and raster modeling?

    <p>Map algebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the WGS84 datum?

    <p>It is used by the U.S. Department of Defense and for GPS readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many zones does the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) divide the Earth into?

    <p>60 zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must two map layers register spatially?

    <p>To accurately overlay geographical features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comparing an address in an event table to a reference dataset during geocoding?

    <p>To determine if the address falls within a specified address range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible problem in geocoding?

    <p>Incorrect geographic projections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the geocoding process as described in the content?

    <p>Parse and compare the address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data might be indicated by the notation 'R' and 'L' next to street names in the address matching process?

    <p>Right vs. left side of the street</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing geocoding, which of the following steps follows the determination of address matches?

    <p>Calculate the georeferenced location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Coordinate Systems & Projections

    • Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) is used to measure locations on Earth's surface
    • The location is determined by latitude and longitude, known as geographic coordinates
    • The Earth is not a perfect sphere, it is wider at the equator
    • Geodesy studies the Earth's geometric shape, gravity field, and orientation
    • Geoid is a model that represents the shape of the Earth coinciding with mean sea level
    • Ellipsoid is a mathematical model of the Earth that is used in geodetic calculations
    • Datum is a mathematical model used as a reference for calculating geographic coordinates
    • NAD83 (North American Datum 1983) is a geocentric datum used by the US NGS (National Geodetic Survey)
    • WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) is used by the Department of Defense for global positioning
    • Map projection transforms curved Earth positions onto a flat surface for mapping
    • Mercator Projection is used to display the world map with distorted areas and shapes
    • UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) divides the Earth into 60 zones for mapping
    • Lamber Conformal Conic projection is best for land masses extending east-west
    • Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere is used in ArcGIS Online base maps and layers
    • Albers Equal Area Conic projection is best for land masses extending east-west, such as the US

    Cartography & Choropleth Maps

    • Cartography is the art and science of map making
    • Reference maps emphasize locations of spatial phenomena
    • Thematic maps focus on spatial patterns of geographic attributes
    • Choropleth maps color features proportionally to quantitative values
    • Proportional symbol maps use symbol sizes to represent data at point locations
    • Isopleth maps (contour maps) show lines of equal values
    • Dot density maps use dots to represent occurrences, with locations randomized
    • Map elements include title, legend, scale, north arrow, and data sources

    Geocoding

    • Geocoding assigns georeferenced locations to address coordinate values
    • Address event table contains the addresses to be geocoded
    • Address reference theme is a dataset with street network data
    • Geocoding matches an address in an event table to the reference dataset
    • It calculates a georeferenced location if a match is found
    • Geocoding may be affected by variations in street names, data entry errors, missing information, or place names.

    Lab 0: Plot US State Population Density

    • Select a single state using Select by Attribute and Export Features
    • Crop the raster to the state extent using Clip Raster
    • Set symbology and create a new map layout
    • Add map elements like legend, scale, north arrow, and data sources

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    GEG 410: GIS II Lecture 1 Review of Basic GIS - Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of geographic coordinate systems and various map projections. You'll learn about key concepts such as geodesy, datum, and the differences between the geographic and projected coordinate systems. Test your knowledge on models like NAD83 and WGS84, and understand how the Earth is represented on flat surfaces.

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