Cooling Water Systems in Industry
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Cooling Water Systems in Industry

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Questions and Answers

What property of water allows it to help regulate environmental temperatures?

  • High heat capacity (correct)
  • Low freezing point
  • High density
  • Conductivity

    • How does evaporative cooling function in humans?

  • By enhancing sweat production
  • By lowering blood temperature
  • By increasing humidity
  • By absorbing body heat during vaporization (correct)

    • What is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure?

  • 80°C
  • 120°C
  • 100°C (correct)
  • 90°C

    • At which temperature does water freeze, transitioning from liquid to solid state?

    <p>32°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes ice less dense than liquid water?

    <p>Molecular structure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate density of liquid water?

    <p>1 gm/cm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does salt water have a greater density than fresh water?

    <p>Presence of dissolved salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are natural waters commonly found to contain?

    <p>Metals and gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Earth's water is considered fresh water?

    <p>2.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water referred to as the 'universal solvent'?

    <p>It can dissolve more substances than any other liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals are commonly found in seawater?

    <p>Chlorine and Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH level of pure water?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the need to use water carefully and economically?

    <p>Most of Earth's water is saline and not easily usable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about water's properties is incorrect?

    <p>Water can dissolve only a few substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors have changed the approach to selecting lubricants in industrial applications?

    <p>General-purpose lubricants are no longer effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary chemical component of fresh water?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes temporary hardness in water?

    <p>Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding permanent hardness?

    <p>It usually results from the presence of chlorides and sulphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit of measurement is commonly used to express water hardness?

    <p>Parts per million (ppm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water is categorized as fit for human consumption?

    <p>Potable water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tap water primarily sourced in communities?

    <p>From run-off from reservoirs and rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fresh water?

    <p>Sea water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the bicarbonates of hardness upon heating?

    <p>They convert to carbonates and release carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic best describes potable water?

    <p>It is free of contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pH measure in water?

    <p>The relative amount of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is water considered acidic?

    <p>When hydrogen ions exceed hydroxide ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes turbidity in water?

    <p>Presence of minerals and organic matter in suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard turbidity limit at consumers’ taps in the UK?

    <p>4 NTU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument is used to measure turbidity?

    <p>Nephelometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can high turbidity indicate following heavy rainfall?

    <p>Rapid recharge bringing contaminants from the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH value indicates that water is alkaline?

    <p>Greater than 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a reason for removing turbidity from water?

    <p>To improve aesthetic qualities and disinfectant efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of hard water?

    <p>Contains calcium and magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of using soft water in homes with certain types of piping?

    <p>It may dissolve lead from lead pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water is specifically obtained through boiling and re-condensing steam?

    <p>Distilled water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential health issue is associated with the use of chemicals to kill bacteria in water?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a feature of mineral water?

    <p>Supplemented with additional minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which water type is excluded from containing heavy metals due to a neutralization process?

    <p>Demineralized water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about salt water?

    <p>Has a concentration of about 3.5% dissolved salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water is most likely to dissolve impurities from pipes?

    <p>Soft water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cooling Water System, Boiler Water, and Boiler Feed Water

    • Water is essential for industrial processes, serving as a cooling agent, solvent, and chemical reagent.
    • Poor water quality can negatively impact equipment performance, necessitating careful management.
    • Tribology plays a critical role in selecting high-quality marine fuels and lubricants due to demanding operational environments.
    • Modern lubricants are required to meet specific application demands, moving away from the general-purpose approach of the past.

    Lesson 1: Water

    • Water (H2O) is tasteless, odorless, and a universal solvent, covering nearly 70% of Earth's surface.
    • Only 2.7% of Earth's water is fresh, with accessible human-use water comprising a mere 0.03%.
    • Freshwater is primarily found in glaciers, frozen lakes, and underground, making responsible usage crucial.

    Properties of Water

    Physical Properties

    • Water's role as a universal solvent allows it to dissolve numerous substances, transporting essential chemicals and nutrients.
    • Neutral pH of pure water is 7, critical for ecosystems and living organisms.
    • High heat capacity helps regulate environmental temperatures, maintaining stable conditions in ponds and lakes.
    • High heat of vaporization facilitates cooling in organisms through processes like sweating.
    • Boiling point of water is 100°C; freezing point is 0°C (32°F).
    • Density of water is about 1 gm/cm³; unlike most substances, ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float and insulate underlying water.

    Chemical Properties

    • Natural water contains dissolved salts and micronutrients, impacting aquatic ecosystems.
    • pH indicates acidity or alkalinity; neutral water has equal concentrations of H+ and OH– ions, while below or above 7 indicates acidity or alkalinity respectively.
    • Turbidity, caused by suspended particles, affects water clarity and quality, often rising after heavy rainfall; measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).
    • Hard water has high mineral content, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺), affecting equipment and usage.
    • Hardness is categorized into temporary (removable by boiling) and permanent (remains despite boiling).

    Types of Water

    • Fresh Water: Found in wetlands, lakes, rivers, and aquifers, typically low in dissolved salts.
    • Potable Water: Safe for human consumption, treated to remove contaminants, clear, and odorless.
    • Tap Water: Drawn from reservoirs and water sources, may contain pollutants treated with chemicals.
    • Hard Water: Contains high levels of calcium and magnesium; linked to lower heart disease rates.
    • Soft Water: Lacks calcium and magnesium, may corrode pipes, potentially leaching harmful substances into drinking water.
    • Salt Water: Seawater with a dissolved salts concentration of about 3.5%.
    • Distilled Water: Pure water obtained through distillation, used in labs and industries.
    • Mineral Water: Naturally sourced water, retaining beneficial minerals but may also present health risks with excess intake.
    • Demineralized Water: Lacks heavy metals and essential ions due to neutralization processes.
    • Filtered Water: Purified through natural or artificial filtration methods, though not always completely germ-free.
    • Rain Water: Naturally distilled, collected from atmospheric condensation.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the critical role of cooling water, boiler water, and boiler feed water in industrial processes. It covers the importance of water quality and its impact on equipment performance through concepts like friction, lubrication, and tribology. Test your knowledge of these essential topics in industrial practices.

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