Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the gradual synthesis model suggest about scientific advances?
What does the gradual synthesis model suggest about scientific advances?
What is a key limitation of case studies in research?
What is a key limitation of case studies in research?
Which of the following statements about correlational studies is true?
Which of the following statements about correlational studies is true?
What is a critical element when evaluating and synthesizing information in decision-making?
What is a critical element when evaluating and synthesizing information in decision-making?
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What is the main feature that distinguishes experiments from other research methods?
What is the main feature that distinguishes experiments from other research methods?
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What does the principle of converging evidence imply about theory support?
What does the principle of converging evidence imply about theory support?
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What does the law of large numbers illustrate?
What does the law of large numbers illustrate?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between clinical and statistical approaches to decision-making?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between clinical and statistical approaches to decision-making?
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What best describes the concept of 'multiple causation' in the context of decision-making?
What best describes the concept of 'multiple causation' in the context of decision-making?
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Which aspect of statistical models is highlighted as a limitation?
Which aspect of statistical models is highlighted as a limitation?
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What is meant by converging evidence in research?
What is meant by converging evidence in research?
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What happens to preference as the delay interval shortens?
What happens to preference as the delay interval shortens?
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Which method is considered the most powerful in the research hierarchy?
Which method is considered the most powerful in the research hierarchy?
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Which of the following best describes meta-analysis?
Which of the following best describes meta-analysis?
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What does the term 'magic bullet' refer to in psychological phenomena?
What does the term 'magic bullet' refer to in psychological phenomena?
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What issues arise when measuring multiple independent variables (IVs)?
What issues arise when measuring multiple independent variables (IVs)?
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What does the file-drawer problem refer to in meta-analysis?
What does the file-drawer problem refer to in meta-analysis?
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Which measure of effect size is most commonly used?
Which measure of effect size is most commonly used?
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How are interaction effects in psychological research defined?
How are interaction effects in psychological research defined?
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What characterizes the clinical approach to decision making?
What characterizes the clinical approach to decision making?
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Which of the following is not a reason why meta-analyses are considered superior to primary studies?
Which of the following is not a reason why meta-analyses are considered superior to primary studies?
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What does a small effect size in Cohen's d indicate?
What does a small effect size in Cohen's d indicate?
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What is a limitation of using statistical approaches in decision making?
What is a limitation of using statistical approaches in decision making?
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What is the primary concern with over-reliance on a single research method in psychology?
What is the primary concern with over-reliance on a single research method in psychology?
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Which statement best describes multiple causation in psychology?
Which statement best describes multiple causation in psychology?
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Which of the following illustrates the concept of interactions in variables?
Which of the following illustrates the concept of interactions in variables?
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How do statistical models differ from human decision-making in terms of bias?
How do statistical models differ from human decision-making in terms of bias?
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What is a significant advantage of using statistical models in decision making?
What is a significant advantage of using statistical models in decision making?
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What is meant by 'judgmental bootstrapping' in the context of statistical models?
What is meant by 'judgmental bootstrapping' in the context of statistical models?
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In what way do statistical models process redundant information differently than human judges?
In what way do statistical models process redundant information differently than human judges?
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What scenario exemplifies the limitations of statistical models?
What scenario exemplifies the limitations of statistical models?
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Which of the following is a reason for adhering to clinical judgment over statistical models?
Which of the following is a reason for adhering to clinical judgment over statistical models?
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What allows statistical models to maintain consistency in their decisions?
What allows statistical models to maintain consistency in their decisions?
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What does transparency in statistical models imply regarding their decision-making process?
What does transparency in statistical models imply regarding their decision-making process?
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What does the gambler's fallacy suggest about probability after a long series of misses?
What does the gambler's fallacy suggest about probability after a long series of misses?
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What does the hot hand fallacy imply about past successes?
What does the hot hand fallacy imply about past successes?
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According to the expected utility hypothesis, what should rational individuals prioritize?
According to the expected utility hypothesis, what should rational individuals prioritize?
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Framing effects demonstrate that people's risk preferences can change based on how a choice is presented. Which framing typically leads to risk aversion?
Framing effects demonstrate that people's risk preferences can change based on how a choice is presented. Which framing typically leads to risk aversion?
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What does the law of large numbers state about the results of repeated experiments?
What does the law of large numbers state about the results of repeated experiments?
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What is meant by 'losses loom larger than gains'?
What is meant by 'losses loom larger than gains'?
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How does delay discounting affect preferences for outcomes?
How does delay discounting affect preferences for outcomes?
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What is the correct formula for calculating expected utility?
What is the correct formula for calculating expected utility?
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What does preference reversal refer to in decision-making?
What does preference reversal refer to in decision-making?
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Which of the following describes the concept of framing when making decisions?
Which of the following describes the concept of framing when making decisions?
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Study Notes
Convergence of Evidence & Meta-Analysis
- Past theories and evidence converge to form current theory and evidence, leading to predictions.
- Scientific progress is often gradual, not a series of breakthroughs.
- Media often misrepresents research as "breakthroughs", oversimplifying complex findings.
- Scientific advancements build on previous knowledge in a cumulative, interconnected way. New theories should explain both old findings and new evidence.
Pseudoscience vs. Science
- Pseudoscience often discards previously established facts when presented with a new “breakthrough."
- Pseudoscience emphasizes novelty and radical departures over gradual syntheses of evidence.
- True scientific progress is a gradual process of accumulating evidence, where knowledge builds upon itself.
- Scientific advancements don't ignore prior data.
Limitations of Research
- Case studies and correlational studies aren't representative samples, and can only imply a connection between variables. They cannot determine cause and effect.
Converging Evidence
- Converging evidence from various studies supports a theory or explanation over competing ones.
- Two key factors are needed for evidence to converge: results from diverse methods that point to the same conclusion; and results that eliminate competing explanations.
Issues in Research Methodology
- Quasi-experiments and experiments vary in their ability to determine cause and effect.
- A quasi-experiment cannot assign participants randomly.
- Issues of directionality and third variables affect results as some variables could affect others, and the influence cannot be determined.
Converging Evidence and Meta-Analysis Methods
- Meta-analysis combines findings from multiple studies of the same topic to determine overall patterns, providing more reliable results than single studies.
Effect Size
- Effect sizes are important measures of the magnitude of an effect in research, represented numerically.
- Cohen's d is a common measure, with small (0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8) effect sizes.
Heuristics and Biases
- Availability heuristic: Judging probabilities based on how easily related instances come to mind.
- Representativeness heuristic: Judging probabilities based on how well something represents a prototype.
- Base rates: The relative proportion of different groups in a population.
- Conjunction fallacy: Incorrectly believing that the probability of a conjunction of events is greater than the probability of either event alone.
- Gambler's fallacy: Incorrectly believing that past events affect future probabilities in random events.
Decision-Making
- Expected Utility Theory: The optimal decision is the one that maximizes expected utility (probability times the value of the outcome).
- Framing: The way options are presented affects how people choose.
- Time effects: Decisions are affected by how delayed an outcome is compared to the current choice.
Multiple Causation
- Complex phenomena rarely have a single cause; instead, multiple factors interact to create effects.
- Interactions between variables: The effect of one variable can depend on the level of another; and the effects of multiple variables work together
- Statistical models are often more effective than relying wholly on human judgment.
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Description
Explore the concepts of evidence convergence, the differences between pseudoscience and science, and the limitations of research methodologies. This quiz will help you understand how scientific knowledge builds upon itself and the importance of cumulative evidence in theory formation.
