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Questions and Answers
Which method is used to remove nearly all microbes over 0.3 micrometer from air?
Which method is used to remove nearly all microbes over 0.3 micrometer from air?
- Vacuum filtration
- Biological safety cabinets
- High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters (correct)
- Chemical disinfection
What do germicidal chemicals do?
What do germicidal chemicals do?
- Destroy only bacteria
- React irreversibly with proteins, DNA, cytoplasmic membranes, or viral envelopes (correct)
- Neutralize microbes through high heat
- Create a barrier against microbes
Which organization is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of chemicals used to treat medical devices in the United States?
Which organization is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of chemicals used to treat medical devices in the United States?
- WHO (World Health Organization)
- EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
- FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (correct)
- CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
What are antiseptic rubs used for?
What are antiseptic rubs used for?
What is the main difference between sterilization and disinfection?
What is the main difference between sterilization and disinfection?
What is the purpose of decontamination?
What is the purpose of decontamination?
What is the main purpose of preservation in the context of controlling microorganisms?
What is the main purpose of preservation in the context of controlling microorganisms?
What is the significance of controlling microbes in healthcare settings?
What is the significance of controlling microbes in healthcare settings?
What is the role of soap in routine control of microorganisms in daily life?
What is the role of soap in routine control of microorganisms in daily life?
Why is it important for healthcare facilities to protect personnel?
Why is it important for healthcare facilities to protect personnel?
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?
What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?
Which type of disinfectant destroys all microbes, including heat-sensitive critical instruments?
Which type of disinfectant destroys all microbes, including heat-sensitive critical instruments?
What type of disinfectant destroys viruses and vegetative cells, but not reliably endospores?
What type of disinfectant destroys viruses and vegetative cells, but not reliably endospores?
Which type of disinfectant destroys fungi, vegetative bacteria except mycobacteria, and enveloped viruses, but does not kill endospores or non-enveloped viruses?
Which type of disinfectant destroys fungi, vegetative bacteria except mycobacteria, and enveloped viruses, but does not kill endospores or non-enveloped viruses?
Which of the following is a class of germicidal chemicals?
Which of the following is a class of germicidal chemicals?
Which germicidal chemical is known for its extensive use as an antiseptic with relatively low toxicity?
Which germicidal chemical is known for its extensive use as an antiseptic with relatively low toxicity?
Which germicidal chemical is a gaseous sterilant for heat- or moisture-sensitive items, but is explosive, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic?
Which germicidal chemical is a gaseous sterilant for heat- or moisture-sensitive items, but is explosive, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic?
Which class of germicidal chemicals includes chlorine and chlorine dioxide?
Which class of germicidal chemicals includes chlorine and chlorine dioxide?
Which type of compound is extensively used in creams and bandages?
Which type of compound is extensively used in creams and bandages?
What replaced silver nitrate eye drops?
What replaced silver nitrate eye drops?
When did the discovery of antimicrobial medications date back to?
When did the discovery of antimicrobial medications date back to?
What is the source of most antibiotics?
What is the source of most antibiotics?
What is the purpose of Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) law?
What is the purpose of Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) law?
What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal chemicals?
What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal chemicals?
What is the potential drawback of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
What is the potential drawback of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
What are some adverse effects of antimicrobials?
What are some adverse effects of antimicrobials?
What is the role of resistance in antimicrobials?
What is the role of resistance in antimicrobials?
What is selective toxicity in antimicrobial medications?
What is selective toxicity in antimicrobial medications?
How do antimicrobial behaviors differ in the body?
How do antimicrobial behaviors differ in the body?
What are some possible interactions of antimicrobial combinations?
What are some possible interactions of antimicrobial combinations?
Why is developing new antimicrobial drugs financially risky?
Why is developing new antimicrobial drugs financially risky?
Who purified Streptomycin from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus?
Who purified Streptomycin from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus?
What does GAIN stand for in the context of antimicrobial development?
What does GAIN stand for in the context of antimicrobial development?
What are Standard Precautions used for in patient care?
What are Standard Precautions used for in patient care?
In what settings are Transmission-Based Precautions used?
In what settings are Transmission-Based Precautions used?
What is the purpose of aseptic technique in microbiology laboratories?
What is the purpose of aseptic technique in microbiology laboratories?
What factors influence the selection of an antimicrobial procedure?
What factors influence the selection of an antimicrobial procedure?
Which of the following present challenges for antimicrobial procedures?
Which of the following present challenges for antimicrobial procedures?
What impacts the time required to sterilize or disinfect a product?
What impacts the time required to sterilize or disinfect a product?
How are medical instruments categorized according to the risk of transmitting infectious agents?
How are medical instruments categorized according to the risk of transmitting infectious agents?
Why are some sterilization and disinfection methods inappropriate for certain items?
Why are some sterilization and disinfection methods inappropriate for certain items?
What is the purpose of autoclaves in microbial control?
What is the purpose of autoclaves in microbial control?
What is the purpose of pasteurization and high-temperature–short-time (HTST) methods?
What is the purpose of pasteurization and high-temperature–short-time (HTST) methods?
What is extensively used to remove organisms from heat-sensitive fluids in healthcare settings?
What is extensively used to remove organisms from heat-sensitive fluids in healthcare settings?
What is the purpose of dry heat, incineration, and hot air ovens in microbial control?
What is the purpose of dry heat, incineration, and hot air ovens in microbial control?
Which antibiotic group includes members that are inactivated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)?
Which antibiotic group includes members that are inactivated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)?
Which antibiotic group is generally ineffective against anaerobes, enterococci, and streptococci?
Which antibiotic group is generally ineffective against anaerobes, enterococci, and streptococci?
Which antibiotic group is known for being effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Which antibiotic group is known for being effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Which antibiotic group is often considered a last resort against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms?
Which antibiotic group is often considered a last resort against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms?
Which antibiotic group is known for interfering with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the membrane, limiting its use to topical applications?
Which antibiotic group is known for interfering with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the membrane, limiting its use to topical applications?
Which antibiotic group is effective only against Gram-positives and does not cross the outer membrane of Gram-negatives?
Which antibiotic group is effective only against Gram-positives and does not cross the outer membrane of Gram-negatives?
Which antibiotic group is irreversibly bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing it to malfunction and leading to misreading of mRNA by ribosomes past initiation?
Which antibiotic group is irreversibly bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing it to malfunction and leading to misreading of mRNA by ribosomes past initiation?
Which antibiotic group has members that are generally bacteriostatic and can exploit differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
Which antibiotic group has members that are generally bacteriostatic and can exploit differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
Which antibiotic group includes members that are from Penicillium chrysogenum and are deactivated by penicillinases?
Which antibiotic group includes members that are from Penicillium chrysogenum and are deactivated by penicillinases?
Which antibiotic group has some members that can produce altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to which β-lactam antibiotics do not bind well?
Which antibiotic group has some members that can produce altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to which β-lactam antibiotics do not bind well?
Which antibiotic group is grouped by modifications in their side chain and includes penicillinase-resistant members developed in response to penicillinase from S. aureus strains?
Which antibiotic group is grouped by modifications in their side chain and includes penicillinase-resistant members developed in response to penicillinase from S. aureus strains?
Study Notes
Control of Microorganisms in Healthcare Settings
- Standard Precautions are used in patient care to prevent infection of both patients and personnel, while Transmission-Based Precautions are used if a patient might be infected with a highly transmissible pathogen.
- Special care is taken in hospitals and healthcare facilities to control microorganisms in operating rooms, sterilize instruments, and address concerns about prions.
- Microbiology laboratories use rigorous methods of control, including aseptic technique to prevent contamination of samples, workers, and the environment.
- The selection of an antimicrobial procedure is complex and depends on factors such as the type and number of microbes, environmental conditions, and the composition of the item to be treated.
- Multiple highly resistant microbes, including bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts, Mycobacterium species, Pseudomonas species, and non-enveloped viruses, present challenges for antimicrobial procedures.
- The number of microbes and biofilms impact the time required to sterilize or disinfect a product, and environmental conditions such as dirt, grease, body fluids, temperature, and pH influence effectiveness.
- Medical instruments are categorized according to the risk of transmitting infectious agents, with critical, semicritical, and non-critical items requiring different levels of microbial control.
- Some sterilization and disinfection methods are inappropriate for certain items due to their composition, and physical methods such as heat treatment, filtration, irradiation, and high-pressure treatment are used to destroy or remove microorganisms and viruses.
- Moist heat irreversibly denatures proteins, boiling destroys most microorganisms, while pasteurization and high-temperature–short-time (HTST) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) methods are used in food sterilization.
- Autoclaves use pressurized steam to sterilize by raising the steam temperature to kill endospores, and biological indicators can confirm lack of microbial growth after autoclaving.
- Dry heat, incineration, and hot air ovens are used to sterilize and destroy microbes in microbiology laboratories, medical wastes, and contaminated animal carcasses.
- Filtration, including membrane filtration, is extensively used to remove organisms from heat-sensitive fluids in healthcare settings.
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Test your knowledge of controlling microorganisms in healthcare settings with this quiz. Explore topics such as standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, sterilization of instruments, antimicrobial procedures, and methods for controlling highly resistant microbes.
