Controlling Microorganisms in Healthcare Settings Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which method is used to remove nearly all microbes over 0.3 micrometer from air?

  • Vacuum filtration
  • Biological safety cabinets
  • High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters (correct)
  • Chemical disinfection

    • What do germicidal chemicals do?

  • Destroy only bacteria
  • React irreversibly with proteins, DNA, cytoplasmic membranes, or viral envelopes (correct)
  • Neutralize microbes through high heat
  • Create a barrier against microbes

    • Which organization is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of chemicals used to treat medical devices in the United States?

  • WHO (World Health Organization)
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (correct)
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

    • What are antiseptic rubs used for?

    <p>Hand sanitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between sterilization and disinfection?

    <p>Sterilization removes or destroys all microorganisms and viruses, including endospores, while disinfection eliminates most or all pathogens with some viable microbes remaining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of decontamination?

    <p>To reduce the number of pathogens to a safe level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of preservation in the context of controlling microorganisms?

    <p>To delay spoilage of perishable products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of controlling microbes in healthcare settings?

    <p>Weakened patients are more susceptible to infection and may undergo invasive procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of soap in routine control of microorganisms in daily life?

    <p>Soap aids in the mechanical removal of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for healthcare facilities to protect personnel?

    <p>Healthcare facilities must protect personnel as they are at risk of exposure to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of pasteurization?

    <p>To reduce the number of spoilage organisms and destroy pathogens without changing the characteristics of the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?

    <p>Antiseptics are chemicals used on living tissues, while disinfectants are used on inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disinfectant destroys all microbes, including heat-sensitive critical instruments?

    <p>Sterilants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disinfectant destroys viruses and vegetative cells, but not reliably endospores?

    <p>High-level disinfectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disinfectant destroys fungi, vegetative bacteria except mycobacteria, and enveloped viruses, but does not kill endospores or non-enveloped viruses?

    <p>Low-level disinfectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a class of germicidal chemicals?

    <p>Aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germicidal chemical is known for its extensive use as an antiseptic with relatively low toxicity?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germicidal chemical is a gaseous sterilant for heat- or moisture-sensitive items, but is explosive, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic?

    <p>Ethylene oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of germicidal chemicals includes chlorine and chlorine dioxide?

    <p>Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound is extensively used in creams and bandages?

    <p>Silver compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaced silver nitrate eye drops?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the discovery of antimicrobial medications date back to?

    <p>Early 20th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of most antibiotics?

    <p>Microorganisms in the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) law?

    <p>To encourage new antimicrobial development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal chemicals?

    <p>Bacteriostatic chemicals inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal chemicals kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential drawback of broad-spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>Disrupting the microbiome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some adverse effects of antimicrobials?

    <p>Allergic reactions, toxic effects, and dysbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of resistance in antimicrobials?

    <p>Intrinsic, acquired, and involve mechanisms targeting specific bacterial processes and structures such as cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective toxicity in antimicrobial medications?

    <p>Interference with essential structures in microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antimicrobial behaviors differ in the body?

    <p>Affecting tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some possible interactions of antimicrobial combinations?

    <p>Antagonistic, synergistic, or additive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is developing new antimicrobial drugs financially risky?

    <p>Due to strict and expensive FDA testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who purified Streptomycin from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus?

    <p>Selman Waksman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GAIN stand for in the context of antimicrobial development?

    <p>Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Standard Precautions used for in patient care?

    <p>To prevent infection of both patients and personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what settings are Transmission-Based Precautions used?

    <p>When a patient might be infected with a highly transmissible pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aseptic technique in microbiology laboratories?

    <p>To prevent contamination of samples, workers, and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the selection of an antimicrobial procedure?

    <p>Type and number of microbes, environmental conditions, and the composition of the item to be treated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following present challenges for antimicrobial procedures?

    <p>Bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts, Mycobacterium species, Pseudomonas species, and non-enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts the time required to sterilize or disinfect a product?

    <p>The number of microbes and biofilms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are medical instruments categorized according to the risk of transmitting infectious agents?

    <p>Critical, semicritical, and non-critical items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some sterilization and disinfection methods inappropriate for certain items?

    <p>Due to their composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of autoclaves in microbial control?

    <p>To sterilize by raising the steam temperature to kill endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pasteurization and high-temperature–short-time (HTST) methods?

    <p>Used in food sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is extensively used to remove organisms from heat-sensitive fluids in healthcare settings?

    <p>Filtration, including membrane filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dry heat, incineration, and hot air ovens in microbial control?

    <p>To sterilize and destroy microbes in various settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group includes members that are inactivated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)?

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is generally ineffective against anaerobes, enterococci, and streptococci?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is known for being effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is often considered a last resort against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms?

    <p>Carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is known for interfering with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the membrane, limiting its use to topical applications?

    <p>Bacitracin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is effective only against Gram-positives and does not cross the outer membrane of Gram-negatives?

    <p>Glycopeptide antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is irreversibly bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing it to malfunction and leading to misreading of mRNA by ribosomes past initiation?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group has members that are generally bacteriostatic and can exploit differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

    <p>Glycopeptide antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group includes members that are from Penicillium chrysogenum and are deactivated by penicillinases?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group has some members that can produce altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to which β-lactam antibiotics do not bind well?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is grouped by modifications in their side chain and includes penicillinase-resistant members developed in response to penicillinase from S. aureus strains?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Control of Microorganisms in Healthcare Settings

    • Standard Precautions are used in patient care to prevent infection of both patients and personnel, while Transmission-Based Precautions are used if a patient might be infected with a highly transmissible pathogen.
    • Special care is taken in hospitals and healthcare facilities to control microorganisms in operating rooms, sterilize instruments, and address concerns about prions.
    • Microbiology laboratories use rigorous methods of control, including aseptic technique to prevent contamination of samples, workers, and the environment.
    • The selection of an antimicrobial procedure is complex and depends on factors such as the type and number of microbes, environmental conditions, and the composition of the item to be treated.
    • Multiple highly resistant microbes, including bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts, Mycobacterium species, Pseudomonas species, and non-enveloped viruses, present challenges for antimicrobial procedures.
    • The number of microbes and biofilms impact the time required to sterilize or disinfect a product, and environmental conditions such as dirt, grease, body fluids, temperature, and pH influence effectiveness.
    • Medical instruments are categorized according to the risk of transmitting infectious agents, with critical, semicritical, and non-critical items requiring different levels of microbial control.
    • Some sterilization and disinfection methods are inappropriate for certain items due to their composition, and physical methods such as heat treatment, filtration, irradiation, and high-pressure treatment are used to destroy or remove microorganisms and viruses.
    • Moist heat irreversibly denatures proteins, boiling destroys most microorganisms, while pasteurization and high-temperature–short-time (HTST) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) methods are used in food sterilization.
    • Autoclaves use pressurized steam to sterilize by raising the steam temperature to kill endospores, and biological indicators can confirm lack of microbial growth after autoclaving.
    • Dry heat, incineration, and hot air ovens are used to sterilize and destroy microbes in microbiology laboratories, medical wastes, and contaminated animal carcasses.
    • Filtration, including membrane filtration, is extensively used to remove organisms from heat-sensitive fluids in healthcare settings.

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    Touro Microbiology Lecture 11 Physical And Chemical Controls of Microorganisms.ppt

    Description

    Test your knowledge of controlling microorganisms in healthcare settings with this quiz. Explore topics such as standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, sterilization of instruments, antimicrobial procedures, and methods for controlling highly resistant microbes.

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