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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as an output?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as an output?
What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
Which process occurs if oxygen is not available for cellular respiration?
Which process occurs if oxygen is not available for cellular respiration?
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What distinguishes lactic acid fermentation from alcoholic fermentation?
What distinguishes lactic acid fermentation from alcoholic fermentation?
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In the Krebs Cycle, which of the following inputs is used in the process?
In the Krebs Cycle, which of the following inputs is used in the process?
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Which of the following statements about the Electron Transport Chain is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the Electron Transport Chain is accurate?
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What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in biological reactions?
What is the primary role of enzymes in biological reactions?
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What is the basic unit of life according to the cell theory?
What is the basic unit of life according to the cell theory?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of lipids?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of lipids?
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What mechanism describes the movement of oxygen from a region of high concentration to low concentration?
What mechanism describes the movement of oxygen from a region of high concentration to low concentration?
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Which part of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic?
Which part of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic?
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What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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What is the main component of the cell membrane that forms a barrier?
What is the main component of the cell membrane that forms a barrier?
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What role does the Golgi body play in protein processing?
What role does the Golgi body play in protein processing?
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How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
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What do nucleic acids primarily contain?
What do nucleic acids primarily contain?
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What is the outcome when dynamic equilibrium is established across a membrane?
What is the outcome when dynamic equilibrium is established across a membrane?
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How many valence electrons does carbon have?
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
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Which organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of proteins?
Which organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of proteins?
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What is a primary characteristic that makes an experiment controlled?
What is a primary characteristic that makes an experiment controlled?
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How does an inference differ from an observation?
How does an inference differ from an observation?
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Which of the following best describes a scientific theory?
Which of the following best describes a scientific theory?
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In the described experiment on reaction time, what is the independent variable?
In the described experiment on reaction time, what is the independent variable?
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What data type did the students collect in their reaction time experiment?
What data type did the students collect in their reaction time experiment?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?
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What could improve the reliability of the reaction time experiment?
What could improve the reliability of the reaction time experiment?
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Which statement correctly describes an experimental and control group in the reaction time study?
Which statement correctly describes an experimental and control group in the reaction time study?
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What percentage of time does a cell spend in M Phase during the cell cycle?
What percentage of time does a cell spend in M Phase during the cell cycle?
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What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
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Which stage of cell division involves the separation of sister chromatids?
Which stage of cell division involves the separation of sister chromatids?
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What is the end result of meiosis?
What is the end result of meiosis?
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How does crossing over contribute to genetic variation?
How does crossing over contribute to genetic variation?
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Where does cellular respiration primarily occur?
Where does cellular respiration primarily occur?
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In what type of organisms does fermentation occur?
In what type of organisms does fermentation occur?
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What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
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What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
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How is ATP energy released from its molecular structure?
How is ATP energy released from its molecular structure?
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What is a key difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
What is a key difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
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What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
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Why is meiosis often referred to as a reduction division?
Why is meiosis often referred to as a reduction division?
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Study Notes
Controlled Experiments
- Controlled experiments isolate the effect of one variable (independent variable) on another (dependent variable)
- Manipulate only one independent variable at a time.
- Keep other variables constant (controlled variables)
Inference vs. Observation
- Observations describe what is seen or measured.
- Inferences explain observations—attempting to find a reason for the observed event.
Scientific Theory vs. Everyday Theory
- Everyday theories are often guesses.
- Scientific theories are well-supported explanations of aspects of the natural world, tested repeatedly, and used for prediction.
- A theory unifies many observations and hypotheses.
Monster Energy Drink Experiment
- Dependent Variable: Reaction time (measured in seconds)
- Independent Variable: Type of drink (Monster or water)
- Controlled Variables: Amount of drink, digestion time (20 minutes), testing conditions (same light/button parameters)
- Experimental Group: Individuals consuming Monster drink.
- Control Group: Individuals consuming the water.
- Possible Hypothesis: If subjects consume Monster drink, then their reaction time will be faster than those consuming water.
- Data Type: Quantitative (numerical reaction time measurements)
- Improvements: More participants, testing different caffeine levels, repeated trials (blind test), multiple independent variables
Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Universal Genetic Code (DNA): All living things use DNA as their genetic instructions.
- Growth and Development: Organisms increase in size and complexity over time.
- Response to Environment (Stimuli): Responding to changes in their surroundings.
- Reproduction: Producing offspring.
- Evolution: Living things change over generations.
- Obtain and Use Energy: All living things need energy.
- Made of Cells: All living things, from bacteria to humans, are composed of cells.
- Maintain Stable Internal Environment (Homeostasis): Keeping a regulated internal environment.
Levels of Biological Organization
- Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere
Biomolecules
- Proteins: Made of amino acids; control reaction rates, cell cycle, transport, and defense.
- Carbohydrates: Composed of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio; provide energy.
- Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information; made of nucleotides.
- Lipids: Store energy, insulate, and make up cell membranes.
Carbon's Properties
- Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four covalent bonds.
- This flexibility explains carbon's ability to form diverse and complex structures.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Enzyme Activity Factors
- Temperature and pH changes affect enzyme activity; extreme values can denature enzymes, rendering them non-functional.
- Regulatory molecules can also affect enzyme function.
Cell Theory
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life.
- All living things are made of cells.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- (Comparison table to be elaborated)
Plant vs. Animal Cells
- (Comparison table to be elaborated)
Cell Organelles
- Ribosomes: Build proteins.
- Mitochondria: Capture and release energy.
- Chloroplasts: Capture and release energy (in plant cells).
- Vacuoles/Lysosomes: Storage, clean-up, and support.
- Cell Membrane: Cellular boundary.
- Nucleus: Control center.
- ER, Golgi, etc: Involved in protein processing and transport.
Protein Pathway
- Ribosomes synthesize proteins —> ER folds and modifies proteins —> Golgi modifies and packages proteins —> Vesicles transport proteins.
Cellular Transport
- Phospholipid Bilayer: Hydrophobic tails face inward; hydrophilic heads face outward.
- Transport Channels: Proteins that allow specific substances to cross the membrane(e.g., water via osmosis, glucose, ions and polar molecules).
-
Passive Transport: Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient; requires no energy.
- Examples: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport.
- Active Transport: Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient; requires energy (e.g., pumps).
- Equilibrium: Molecules move both ways across the membrane at equal rates.
Osmosis
- Hypertonic Solution: Water moves out of the cell; cell shrinks.
- Hypotonic Solution: Water moves into the cell; cell swells or bursts.
- Isotonic Solution: Water moves in and out equally; cell stays the same size.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- As cells increase in size, the volume increases much faster than the surface area, which can lead to complications in nutrient intake and waste removal.
- Cells divide to maintain a favorable surface area-to-volume ratio.
Cell Cycle
- Interphase (90%): Cell growth, DNA replication.
- M Phase (10%): Mitosis.
- DNA must replicate ahead of cell division.
Mitosis
- Purpose: Cell growth and repair.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope dissolves.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, and cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
- Results in two identical diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis
- Purpose: Produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
- Homologous Chromosomes: Paired chromosomes, one from each parent.
- Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome.
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
- Independent Assortment: Random separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
- Results in four genetically unique haploid gametes.
Bioenergetics
- ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; a major energy currency in cells. Energy is stored in the bonds between phosphates.
- Photosynthesis: Capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy in glucose.
- Cellular Respiration: Breaking down organic molecules (e.g., glucose) to release chemical energy in the form of ATP.
- Fermentation: Energy-releasing process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Types include lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation (produces less ATP than cellular respiration).
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
- They are reciprocal processes, meaning the products of one are the reactants of the other.
- Photosynthesis makes glucose; cellular respiration breaks it down to produce ATP.
ATP
- Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP.
- Energy is released when a phosphate bond is broken.
Stages of Photosynthesis (detailed)
- Light-Dependent Reactions: Capture light energy; produce ATP and NADPH, oxygen.
- Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Convert carbon dioxide into glucose; use ATP and NADPH.
Stages of Cellular Respiration (detailed)
- Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose.
- Krebs Cycle: Breaks down pyruvate.
- Electron Transport Chain: Creates a large amount of ATP.
DNA Structure and Function
- Monomer: Nucleotides
- Structure: Double helix (twisted ladder).
- Function: Stores and transmits genetic information..
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of controlled experiments and the differences between observations and inferences. This quiz also delves into the distinctions between scientific theories and everyday theories through practical examples such as reaction time experiments.
