Control Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What primarily dictates the need for correction in movement performance?

  • Speed at which the movement is executed
  • Difference between hand location and desired location (correct)
  • Type of sensory feedback received
  • Amount of muscle force generated

What is anticipated feedback also known as in the context of feedforward control?

  • Proprioceptive feedback
  • Real-time feedback
  • Exteroceptive feedback
  • Expected sensory consequences (correct)

Which of the following best describes a limitation of closed-loop control models?

  • They are effective for rapid tasks.
  • They can be very slow due to processing time. (correct)
  • They provide immediate sensory feedback.
  • They allow for multiple corrections per second.

What characterizes movements that are too rapid for closed-loop processing?

<p>They must be programmed in advance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of motor behavior, how are closed-loop and open-loop controls characterized?

<p>Most tasks involve a blend of both control types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of open-loop organizations in movement control?

<p>To determine muscle contractions in advance of the action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes closed-loop control systems?

<p>Feedback is used to correct errors and maintain a system goal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a closed-loop control system, what occurs after a difference is detected as an error?

<p>The executive decides on actions to eliminate the error. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates the concept of closed-loop control in human performance?

<p>Reaching to pick up a cup by adjusting based on visual feedback. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems?

<p>Open-loop systems operate with predetermined instructions; closed-loop systems utilize real-time feedback. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how open-loop organizations determine muscle contractions during movement.

<p>Open-loop organizations determine which muscles contract, when to contract them, how forcefully, and for how long based on pre-established instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of postural adjustments in open-loop motor control.

<p>Postural adjustments in open-loop motor control are necessary to maintain stability and support the upcoming action, ensuring coordinated movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the feedback process work in a closed-loop control system?

<p>In a closed-loop control system, sensory information is compared to a desired state, and any detected errors prompt corrective actions to eliminate discrepancies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of error correction in closed-loop control of human motor performance?

<p>Error correction in closed-loop control is significant as it ensures that movements can be adjusted in real-time to meet performance goals and improve precision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the functioning of open-loop and closed-loop control systems in terms of feedback utilization.

<p>Open-loop control systems operate without feedback, executing pre-planned movements, whereas closed-loop control systems utilize feedback to adjust and correct movements based on real-time sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do exteroceptive and proprioceptive feedback contribute to movement accuracy?

<p>Exteroceptive feedback provides external information about the environment, while proprioceptive feedback gives internal signals regarding body position, both crucial for correcting movement errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the executive play in the closed-loop control model?

<p>The executive processes feedback, determines necessary corrections, and adjusts the motor program based on detected errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why rapid, discrete tasks cannot rely on closed-loop control alone.

<p>Rapid tasks occur too quickly for information to be processed and corrections to be made during the movement, necessitating pre-programmed motor actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does movement programming differ between slow and fast tasks according to the motor program theory?

<p>Slow tasks rely heavily on feedback for adjustments, while fast tasks are primarily managed through pre-planned motor programs without feedback adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the inability to tickle oneself illustrates anticipated feedback in feedforward control.

<p>When attempting to tickle oneself, the brain predicts the sensory outcome, resulting in diminished perception because the actual feedback matches the anticipated feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the major roles of open-loop organizations with their descriptions:

<p>Determine which muscles contract = Control of contraction timing and force Organize degrees of freedom = Integrate muscle and joint movements into a unit Postural adjustments = Support actions through maintaining posture Modulate reflex pathways = Ensure movement goals are met through adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of a closed-loop control system with their functions:

<p>Desired state = The goal state to maintain Error = Difference between actual and desired states Executive = Decides actions based on feedback Effector = Carries out commands to achieve the desired state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of control systems with their characteristics:

<p>Open-loop control = No feedback; predefined instructions run Closed-loop control = Involves feedback and error correction Feedback mechanism = Uses sensory information for adjustments Error detection = Compares expected state to actual state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of closed-loop control with their functions:

<p>Reaching to pick up a cup = Uses visual feedback for positioning Turning on a furnace = Maintains the desired temperature Maintaining house temperature = Involves continuous feedback adjustments Measuring temperature = Sensory input to compare against desired state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the roles of feedback in closed-loop control systems:

<p>Error transmission = Sends detected errors to executive Adjustment action = Commands execution to eliminate errors Feedback loop = Continuous cycle of measurement and correction Sensory information = Provides real-time status of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of feedback with their descriptions:

<p>Exteroceptive feedback = Information from external sources about the environment Proprioceptive feedback = Information from within the body about its position Anticipated feedback = Expected sensory consequences based on prior experience Motor Program = A sequence of movements stored in the brain for execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of closed-loop control with their functions:

<p>Comparator = Determines the difference between desired and actual movements Executive = Processes feedback and decides on necessary corrections Input = Stimuli received from the environment Response Selection = Choice of movement based on gathered information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their relevance to movement control:

<p>Bouncing football = A rapid movement challenging closed-loop control Tracking a moving target = An example of feedback processing in slow tasks Texting = An example of a rapid, discrete movement Guitar playing = A task that requires pre-programmed movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their respective classifications:

<p>Closed-loop control = Involves feedback for correction Open-loop control = Functions without feedback during execution Feedforward control = Involves anticipated feedback before movement execution Motor Program Theory = Describes the blend of open and closed-loop controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following limitations to their respective closed-loop control issues:

<p>Very Slow = Feedback processing becomes a reaction time limitation Rapid tasks = Cannot rely on closed-loop due to speed Correction frequency = Only allows for a few corrections per second Speed of movement = Determines whether feedback or programming is dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of feedback with their descriptions:

<p>Exteroceptive feedback = External sensory input from the environment Proprioceptive feedback = Internal sensory input from muscles and joints Anticipated feedback = Sensory consequences expected to arise Error feedback = Information indicating deviation from desired outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts of movement control to their characteristics:

<p>Closed-loop control = Movement control dependent on feedback Open-loop control = Movement control programmed in advance Feedforward control = Pre-anticipated sensory feedback Motor program = Set of commands for executing movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the elements of a closed-loop control system with their function:

<p>Comparator = Determines error between actual and desired movement Executive = Processes feedback and makes decisions Effector = Executes the motor commands Stimulus = Initiates the movement process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the limitations of closed-loop control with their implications:

<p>Slow processing = Limited to a few corrections per second Inability for rapid tasks = Movement must be pre-programmed Reaction time delays = Feedback has to be evaluated before action Complex movements = Cannot rely solely on one type of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of movement tasks with their control theory description:

<p>Texting = Exemplifies rapid, discrete task programming Tracking a moving target = Requires continuous feedback adjustments Playing guitar = Involves pre-planned motor sequences Bouncing a football = Challenges feedback processing due to speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the elements involved in motor programming with their relevance:

<p>Spinal Cord = Transmits motor commands to muscles Muscles = Perform the actual movement Movement programming = Designs the sequence of actions Response selection = Chooses the appropriate movement based on input</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of movements with their feedback characteristics:

<p>Slow movements = Predominantly controlled by feedback Fast movements = Dominated by open-loop control Discreet tasks = Too quick for feedback processing Complex movements = A blend of open and closed-loop controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the feedback types with their sources:

<p>Exteroceptive feedback = Vision or sound cues from the environment Proprioceptive feedback = Internal signals from the body's position Anticipated feedback = Based on memory of previous experiences Error feedback = Real-time assessment of performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Error correction = Modification of movement based on feedback Motor behavior = Comprises the actions executed by muscles Feedback loops = Continuous information exchange in a system Adjustment mechanisms = Processes that alter movement patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenarios with their relevance to anticipated feedback:

<p>Tickling oneself = Diminished sensation due to expected feedback Siblings force escalation = Increasing force relates to expected sensations Athlete performance = Predicting outcome based on experience Playground games = Expecting responses from others during play</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of closed-loop control with their functions:

<p>Sensory information = Measures actual state of the system Error = Difference between actual state and desired state Command = Instruction sent to effector system Feedback loop = Cycle of information flow for correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their respective classifications:

<p>Open-loop Instruction = Refers to pre-defined actions with no feedback Closed-loop Monitoring = System relies on feedback for adjustments Feedback Mechanism = Intervening processes for performance enhancement Error Management = Strategies for detecting and correcting discrepancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the limitations to their respective closed-loop control issues:

<p>Rapid movement issues = Cannot utilize feedback in the necessary time frame Complexity in tasks = Involves significant processing for adjustments Interference from noise = External factors complicate accurate feedback Over-processing = Delays in response can affect performance outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Closed-Loop Control

A movement control system that uses feedback to correct errors during a task.

Open-Loop Control

A movement control system that does not use feedback; the entire movement is pre-programmed.

Feedback

Sensory information about the movement's outcome.

Motor Program Theory

Movement controlled by a pre-programmed instructions.

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Limitations of Closed-Loop Control Models

Closed-loop control is too slow for complex movements (e.g., playing an instrument); it can only adjust movements a few times per second.

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Closed-loop control example

Maintaining a desired temperature (e.g., 20°C) by constantly comparing actual and desired temperatures and adjusting the furnace.

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Open-loop control in movement

A type of movement where the muscle contractions, force, and duration are pre-determined and don't adjust to sensory feedback.

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Role of open-loop movement

Organizing multiple body parts, making postural adjustments, and coordinating reflex pathways for a smooth movement.

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Error Signal

The difference between the intended movement and the actual movement outcome.

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Executive in Closed-Loop Control

The part of the brain that decides how to modify the movement based on the error signal.

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Anticipated Feedback

Sensory consequences that are predicted before the movement happens.

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Closed-Loop Control's Speed Limit

Closed-loop control is slow because the brain needs to send information back and forth for each adjustment.

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Open-Loop Control Role

Used for fast movements, pre-programmed instructions, no feedback.

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Degrees of Freedom Problem

The challenge of coordinating the many muscles and joints involved in a movement into a single, smooth action. It's like managing a huge orchestra where every instrument needs to play in harmony.

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Feedback in Movement

Sensory information about a movement's outcome, like knowing where your hand is in space or how hard you're pressing a button. It's like constantly updating your brain about the movement's progress.

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Postural Adjustments

Shifts in body position to support an upcoming movement. It's like adjusting your posture to ensure stability when reaching for something.

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Why can't you tickle yourself?

If anticipated feedback matches actual feedback, then there is diminished perception of sensation. This is because your brain predicts the sensory consequences of your own actions, reducing the surprising tickle sensation.

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Force escalation between siblings

When siblings play a game of force escalation, each turn results in a roughly 38% increase in force, demonstrating how anticipated feedback can influence movement intensity.

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Limitations of Closed-Loop Control

Closed-loop control is slow and can't handle rapid movements like texting or playing guitar because feedback processing takes time. These movements rely on pre-programmed instructions instead.

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Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop

Closed-loop control uses feedback to adjust movements, while open-loop control relies on pre-programmed instructions without feedback. Most movements combine elements of both.

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Motor Program

A pre-programmed set of instructions for a movement, like a recipe for a specific dish.

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Study Notes

Open-Loop Control Systems

  • Open-loop control is a system where instructions for the effector system are pre-determined and executed without feedback.
  • This system is preprogrammed and doesn't rely on corrections during the action.
  • Example roles of open-loop control in the body involve determining muscle contractions, organizing multiple degrees of freedom in muscles and joints, and regulating postural adjustments in preparation for actions. Modulation of reflex pathways for movement achievement is also managed by open loop means.

Closed-Loop Control Systems

  • Closed-loop control systems utilize feedback, error detection, and correction to maintain a desired state.
  • A desired state is set (e.g., 20°C).
  • Sensory information measures and compares the actual state with the desired state.
  • Error (difference) is detected.
  • The executive decides corrective actions (e.g., turn on furnace).
  • Commands are sent to effectors (e.g., furnace turns on).
  • The action adjusts the system back to the desired state.
  • The process repeats to maintain the desired state.

Closed-Loop Control in Human Movement

  • In movements like reaching for a cup, visual feedback (hand's position relative to the cup) provides information on the movement outcome.
  • Discrepancies (errors) between the hand's position and desired position trigger corrective modifications by the executive.
  • Multiple feedback sources (e.g., visual, proprioceptive) are common in human movements.
  • Inputs (stimuli recognition), response selection, movement programming (action planning), and execution via a motor program are crucial parts of this process.

Closed-Loop Control: Feedforward

  • Feedforward information anticipates sensory consequences of a movement.
  • Inability to tickle yourself is an example; anticipated feedback matches actual feedback, thus diminishing the sensation.
  • Force escalation between siblings is another example—anticipated escalation predicts the next act, thus it is a feedforward mechanism for anticipated feedback.

Limitations of Closed-Loop Control Models

  • Feedback processing is slow; time required for correction processing limits the number of corrections per second (approximately 3).
  • Complex rapid tasks like texting or playing guitar occur too quickly for feedback to be corrective and require preprogramming of the movement.

Motor Program Theory: Blending Open-Loop & Closed-Loop Control

  • Motor control often blends open-loop preprogramming with closed-loop feedback adjustment.
  • Slow movements primarily rely on feedback.
  • Fast, brief movements are primarily open-loop.

Major Roles of Open-Loop Organizations
• Determine which muscles contract
when, how forcefully, and for how long
• To organize the many degrees of freedom
of the muscles and joints into a single
unit
• To determine postural adjustments
necessary to support the upcoming
action
• E.g. bicep pull experiment
• To modulate the many reflex pathways to
ensure that the movement goal is
achieved

Control of Movement:
Open-loop vs. closed loop
• Two ways in which movements could be controlled
• Open-Loop Control: A type of system control in which instructions for the
effector system are determined in advance and run off without feedback
• Closed loop Control: A type of system control involving feedback, error
detection, and error correction that is applicable to maintaining a system goal.

Closed-Loop Control Systems:
General Concept Example
• Desired state is set (20oC)
• Sensory information measured and compared
to expected temperature
• Any difference detected as error (e.g. too cold)
• Error transmitted to executive to decide what to
do to eliminate error (e.g. decide to turn on
furnace)
• Command sent to effector (furnace turns on)
• The action returns the system to the desired
state (20oC)
• This information is sent to the executive, and the
cycle continues (e.g. furnace turns on and off all
day to maintain house temperature)
Desired state: 20oC
Executive
System
Effector
System
Comparator
Actual state
Error
Sensory info
Negative feedback loop!

Closed-Loop Control in Human
Performance
• Reaching to pick up cup
• Visual info about hand’s position relative to cup represents
feedback (i.e. information about the movement outcome)
• Difference in hand location and desired location represent
errors
• Executive determines correction and modifies an effector
• Most movements have several feedback sources

Closed-Loop Control in Human
Performance
Input
Stimulus
Identification
Response
Selection
Movement
Programming
Motor Program
Spinal Cord
Movement
Comparator
Error
Exteroceptive feedback
Proprioceptive feedback
Muscles

Input
Stimulus
Identification
Response
Selection
Motor Program
Spinal Cord
Movement
Comparator
Error
Exteroceptive feedback
Proprioceptive feedbackMuscles
Closed-Loop Control: Feedforward
Anticipated feedback
Movement
Programming

Closed-Loop Control: Feedforward
• Anticipated feedback (also called
feedforward info)
• Sensory consequences that are expected
to arise
• Why can’t you tickle yourself?
• If anticipated feedback matches actual
feedback, then there is diminished
perception of sensation
• Example 2: Force escalation between
siblings
• Shergill et al., 2003
• 38% increase in force between each turn

Limitations of Closed-Loop Control
Models
• 1. Very Slow
• Feedback must be sent to executive, and
information must be processed (seen as
reaction time)
• Example: Tracking tasks (follow a moving
target)
• Only about 3 corrections per second are
possible
• E.g. bouncing football is hard to grab

Limitations of Closed-Loop Control
Models
• 2. Rapid, discrete tasks would be impossible under
this model
• E.g. texting, playing guitar
• These movements occur too quickly to process info before
the movement is complete
• Therefore, these movements must be programed in advance

Motor Program Theory:
Closed-Loop and Open Loop Control
• Closed loop = Open loop with feedback
• In most tasks, motor behavior is neither open-
nor closed-loop alone but a complex blend of
the two
• Slow movements → Control dominated by feedback
• Fast/brief movements → Open-loop dominates

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of open-loop and closed-loop control systems. It explores how these systems function, their characteristics, and their applications in various settings, including biological contexts. Test your understanding of feedback mechanisms and error correction in system controls.

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