Control of the Circulatory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the immune system?

  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To absorb nutrients
  • To serve as reservoirs for macrophages and lymphocytes (correct)
  • To produce hormones

    • Lymph vessels have valves that allow fluid to flow in both directions.

    False

    What is the role of the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system?

    To empty lymph into the venous circulation.

    Larger glycerides are absorbed directly into the lymph system from the ______.

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions in the lymphatic system:

    <p>Lymph Nodes = Reservoirs for macrophages Thoracic Duct = Returns lymph to circulation Spleen = Reservoir for lymphocytes Valves in lymph vessels = Ensure unidirectional flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is known to be released as a hormone that influences smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lymphatic system plays a major role in filtering and destroying pathogens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the hormone that is involved in the retention of water by the kidneys.

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted by the α cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile produced by the liver is delivered to the stomach for digestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipase produced by the pancreas?

    <p>To convert triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for storing bile produced by the liver.

    <p>gall bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes to their functions:

    <p>Amylase = Converts polysaccharides to disaccharides Lipase = Converts triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides Nuclease = Hydrolyzes nucleic acids Protease = Breaks down proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogen synthesis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secretion of bicarbonate by the pancreas helps keep the pH of the duodenum slightly acidic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when lactate is converted back into glucose during the Cori Cycle?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoproteins carry ______ and triglycerides to the tissues.

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pancreatic cells with the hormones they secrete:

    <p>α cells = Glucagon β cells = Insulin δ cells = Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which end of the capillary is hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure?

    <p>Arteriolar End</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enterokinase in the small intestine?

    <p>Converts trypsinogen to trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytes are primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to carbohydrates in the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of blood plasma?

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin can bind up to _____ O2 molecules.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bicarbonate play in the small intestine?

    <p>Neutralizes stomach acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of blood with their functions:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes = Immune defense Platelets = Clotting Plasma = Transport nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids and monoglycerides are converted back into ______ within epithelial cells before being packaged into chylomicrons.

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their specific functions:

    <p>Cholecystokinin (CCK) = Stimulates bile release and enzyme secretion Secretin = Stimulates bicarbonate release into the duodenum Gastrin = Stimulates acid secretion in the stomach Insulin = Promotes glucose uptake by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bohr effect describes how increased H+ and CO2 levels increase hemoglobin's affinity for O2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of RBCs in the blood called?

    <p>hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ are responsible for mediating the immune response.

    <p>leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bicarbonate in blood?

    <p>Regulate pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about arteries is correct?

    <p>Arteries have no valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins are primarily responsible for gas and nutrient exchange.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates blood flow to individual tissues?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occurs in the ______.

    <p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the circulation system to its description:

    <p>Hypophyseal Portal System = From hypothalamus to pituitary gland Hepatic Portal System = From small intestine to liver Renal Portal System = From glomerulus to peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of baroreceptors?

    <p>To sense blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance to blood flow is greater in larger blood vessels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can be caused by increased cardiac output?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse across the ______.

    <p>cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical structure of capillaries?

    <p>One cell thick and porous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Control of the Circulatory System

    • Heart regulation involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormones, and paracrines for smooth muscle adjustment.
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems controlled by the medulla influence heart activities.
    • Vascular smooth muscle responds to local metabolic needs via paracrines and is regulated by sympathetic ANS and hormones like epinephrine.

    Functions of the Lymphatic/Immune System

    • Lymphatic system recirculates plasma lost from capillaries back into circulation via the thoracic duct, aided by one-way valves.
    • Lymph nodes are crucial for filtering and destroying pathogens, housing macrophages and lymphocytes.
    • Absorption of larger glycerides occurs in the small intestine, entering circulation through the thoracic duct.

    Blood Composition

    • Plasma composition primarily includes water, proteins, ions, and dissolved gases; volume regulated by kidneys.
    • Erythrocytes (RBCs) lack nuclei and are produced in bone marrow; they contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
    • Leukocytes (WBCs) act as immune mediators, while platelets and clotting factors play essential roles in hemostasis.

    Mechanism of Clotting/Coagulation

    • Clotting process starts with vasoconstriction, followed by platelet plug formation and coagulation cascade activation.
    • Fibrinogen converts to fibrin, forming a clot primarily composed of platelets and fibrin.

    Oxygen Transport by Blood

    • Hemoglobin binds up to four O2 molecules through cooperative binding (sigmoidal curve).
    • The Bohr Effect indicates reduced oxygen affinity in the presence of H+ and CO2.

    CO2 Transport in Blood

    • CO2 exists in solution or as bicarbonate (HCO3-) via equilibria with water and carbonic acid.
    • Notably influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system, with modulation by the enteric nervous system.

    Functions of the Liver

    • Produces bile from cholesterol for lipid digestion and fat-soluble vitamin absorption.
    • Regulates blood glucose via insulin (lowers) and glucagon/cortisol (raises).
    • Performs detoxification, lipid metabolism, and production of plasma proteins, including albumin and clotting factors.

    Functions of the Pancreas

    • Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) activated in the duodenum.
    • Secretes bicarbonate, maintaining a slightly basic pH in the duodenum.
    • Endocrine function includes hormone production in Islets of Langerhans, regulating blood sugar via glucagon and insulin.

    Vascular Structure and Function

    • Arteries transport blood away from the heart at high pressure with no valves.
    • Veins return blood to the heart, have very low pressure, and possess valves to prevent backflow.
    • Arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance locally, influenced by metabolism and nervous controls.

    Capillary Exchange

    • Capillaries facilitate O2, CO2, nutrient, and waste exchange due to their thin walls and porosity.
    • Exchange dynamics include diffusion and bulk flow of nutrients, WBCs, and water.

    Small Intestine Functions

    • Duodenum is primarily for digestion and absorption; jejunum/ileum specializes in nutrient uptake with microvilli.
    • Food absorption processes utilize active transport for carbohydrates and proteins, while fats enter as chylomicrons.
    • Enzyme production includes enterokinase for protease activation and brush border enzymes for final digestion.
    • Bicarbonate from the pancreas neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.

    Hormone Secretion in the Small Intestine

    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin regulate digestive enzyme and bile release based on the presence of fatty acids and acid in the duodenum.

    Functions of the Large Intestine

    • Not detailed in the text, further information required.

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    Chapter 5 - Structure and Function of Systems PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the regulation of the circulatory system, focusing on the roles of the heart, vascular smooth muscle, and the autonomic nervous system. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the various factors influencing cardiovascular control. Prepare to explore how hormones and local paracrines play a vital role in this process.

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