Control of Breathing in Human Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What primarily triggers chemoreceptors to initiate an action potential regarding blood pH?

  • An increase in carbon dioxide accumulation
  • A drop in blood pH below 7 (correct)
  • A rise in blood pH above 7.1
  • A drop in arterial blood oxygen levels
  • What is the normal stable range for blood pH under normal physiological conditions?

  • 7.0 - 7.1 (correct)
  • 6.5 - 7.0
  • 7.2 - 7.4
  • 8.0 - 8.5
  • Under which condition does the hemoglobin saturation trigger the baroreceptors?

  • When hemoglobin saturation drops to 80-90%
  • When hemoglobin saturation drops to 50-60% (correct)
  • When oxygen levels in blood rise markedly
  • When blood pH increases rapidly
  • What is the consequence if the rate of formation of $H_2CO_3$ exceeds its breakdown in the alveoli?

    <p>Drop in blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do baroreceptors contribute in response to changes in blood pressure?

    <p>They initiate an action potential in response to changes in arterial wall tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two factors allow rapid changes in chest volume to affect breathing rate?

    <p>Rib cage muscles and diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The carbonic-buffer system helps stabilize blood pH by what process?

    <p>Balancing the formation and breakdown of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypotension on the arterial walls according to the baroreceptors?

    <p>Leads to the arteries expanding excessively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypercapnia have on the activity of chemoreceptors?

    <p>Increases respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do baroreceptors respond when blood pressure decreases?

    <p>They send signals to increase heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of peripheral chemoreceptors?

    <p>Carotid bodies and aortic bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes occur as a result of baroreceptor activation when blood pressure rises?

    <p>Decreased heart rate and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stimuli would most likely cause chemoreceptors to increase respiratory rate?

    <p>Increased hydrogen ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemoreceptors play in acid-base balance?

    <p>They regulate the removal of excess hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are central chemoreceptors predominantly located, and what do they primarily respond to?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid; partial pressure of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows baroreceptors to maintain homeostasis in blood pressure?

    <p>Continuous monitoring and reflex adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemoreceptor Triggering

    • A change in blood pH, specifically an increase in acidity (lower pH) triggers chemoreceptors.
    • This increase in acidity can be caused by an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2CO_2CO2​) in the blood.
    • These chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies.

    Blood pH Range

    • The normal stable range for blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45.
    • This range is crucial for maintaining proper function of the body's enzymes and proteins.

    Hemoglobin Saturation and Baroreceptors

    • Baroreceptors, which are pressure-sensitive receptors, are not triggered by hemoglobin saturation.
    • Baroreceptors respond to changes in blood pressure.

    H2CO3H_2CO_3H2​CO3​ Formation and Breakdown

    • If the rate of formation of H2CO3H_2CO_3H2​CO3​ (carbonic acid) exceeds its breakdown in the alveoli, it leads to a decrease in blood pH (acidosis).
    • This can happen during conditions like respiratory failure, which impairs the ability to exhale carbon dioxide.

    Baroreceptor Response to Blood Pressure Changes

    • Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and send this information to the brain's medulla oblongata.
    • This triggers an appropriate response - an increase in blood pressure leads to decreased heart rate and vasodilation, whereas a decrease in blood pressure leads to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction.

    Rapid Chest Volume Changes and Breathing Rate

    • The rapid changes in chest volume that affect breathing rate are due to two factors:
      • The elastic property of the lungs, which allows them to expand and contract.
      • The action of the respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals), which contribute to the pressure changes within the thorax.

    Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

    • The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system stabilizes blood pH by converting excess hydrogen ions (H+H^+H+) into carbonic acid (H2CO3H_2CO_3H2​CO3​).
    • This process helps to counteract changes in blood pH caused by metabolic or respiratory disturbances.

    Hypotension and Baroreceptor Response

    • When hypotension (low blood pressure) occurs, baroreceptors detect this decrease and send signals to the brain.
    • This leads to an increase in heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased release of hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine, in an attempt to restore normal blood pressure.

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    Control of Breathing PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the control mechanisms of breathing within the human body, specifically how the medulla oblongata and various receptors regulate respiratory functions. Explore the processes involving blood pH, oxygen saturation, and the interactions between the diaphragm and rib cage muscles. Test your knowledge on the intricate system that maintains homeostasis in gas exchange.

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