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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about the role of chemoreceptors in breathing is correct?
Which of the following statements about the role of chemoreceptors in breathing is correct?
- They detect changes in oxygen levels only.
- They respond to CO2 and H+ ion concentrations in the blood. (correct)
- They are located only in the peripheral tissues.
- They are primarily involved in voluntary control of breathing.
The apneustic center inhibits breathing during forced respiration.
The apneustic center inhibits breathing during forced respiration.
False (B)
What is the function of the respiratory rhythmicity center located in the medulla?
What is the function of the respiratory rhythmicity center located in the medulla?
It regulates the rhythm of breathing.
The __________________ reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs.
The __________________ reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs.
Match the following respiratory centers with their primary function:
Match the following respiratory centers with their primary function:
What happens during inhalation in quiet breathing?
What happens during inhalation in quiet breathing?
During normal quiet respiration, expiration is an active process.
During normal quiet respiration, expiration is an active process.
What is the role of the VRG during forced breathing?
What is the role of the VRG during forced breathing?
During forced breathing, the ______ neurons stimulate the expiratory accessory muscles.
During forced breathing, the ______ neurons stimulate the expiratory accessory muscles.
How long does quiet breathing typically last during exhalation?
How long does quiet breathing typically last during exhalation?
Match the following respiratory centers with their functions:
Match the following respiratory centers with their functions:
The dorsal respiratory group becomes active after a 3-second expiration.
The dorsal respiratory group becomes active after a 3-second expiration.
Describe the process that occurs during passive exhalation.
Describe the process that occurs during passive exhalation.
What is the normal breathing rate at rest?
What is the normal breathing rate at rest?
The ventral respiratory group (VRG) functions only during quiet breathing.
The ventral respiratory group (VRG) functions only during quiet breathing.
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing?
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) acts as the __________ center.
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) acts as the __________ center.
Match the respiratory centers with their functions:
Match the respiratory centers with their functions:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory centres?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory centres?
Respiratory rhythmicity is controlled solely by the brainstem.
Respiratory rhythmicity is controlled solely by the brainstem.
During quiet breathing, the inspiratory muscles contract for ______ seconds.
During quiet breathing, the inspiratory muscles contract for ______ seconds.
What is the primary role of the apneustic centre in the pons?
What is the primary role of the apneustic centre in the pons?
The pneumotaxic centre facilitates prolonged inhalation.
The pneumotaxic centre facilitates prolonged inhalation.
What effect do emotional states have on respiration?
What effect do emotional states have on respiration?
The __________ reflex helps prevent over inflation of the lungs during breathing.
The __________ reflex helps prevent over inflation of the lungs during breathing.
Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary control of respiration?
Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary control of respiration?
Match the following respiratory centres with their functions:
Match the following respiratory centres with their functions:
Which statement about the pneumotaxic centre is correct?
Which statement about the pneumotaxic centre is correct?
The higher centres in the brain have no impact on the respiratory control mechanism.
The higher centres in the brain have no impact on the respiratory control mechanism.
Which of the following receptors are sensitive to changes in PCO2 and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following receptors are sensitive to changes in PCO2 and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
The inflation reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs during forced breathing.
The inflation reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs during forced breathing.
What is mainly responsible for regulating respiratory activity?
What is mainly responsible for regulating respiratory activity?
Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the __________ and __________ bodies.
Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the __________ and __________ bodies.
What initiates the inflation reflex?
What initiates the inflation reflex?
Hypoventilation leads to increased PCO2 levels in the blood.
Hypoventilation leads to increased PCO2 levels in the blood.
Which nerves transmit impulses from the carotid bodies to the medulla?
Which nerves transmit impulses from the carotid bodies to the medulla?
Match the following respiratory processes with their descriptions:
Match the following respiratory processes with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Respiratory Control Centres
- Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons control the rhythm of breathing.
- Medullary Respiratory Centers
- Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG): Functions as the inspiratory center, initiating inhalation.
- Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG): Active during forced breathing, responsible for activating accessory muscles for both inhalation and exhalation.
- Pontine Respiratory Centers
- Apneustic Center (APN): Sends continuous stimulatory impulses to the DRG, promoting inhalation.
- Pneumotaxic Center (PNC): Inhibits the APN, preventing overinflation of the lungs and facilitating expiration.
Breathing Patterns:
- Quiet Breathing:
- DRG neurons activate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles for inhalation.
- Passive expiration occurs due to the elastic recoil of the lungs.
- Forced Breathing:
- Both DRG and VRG neurons become active, activating accessory muscles for inhalation.
- VRG neurons stimulate expiratory muscles for active exhalation.
Regulation of Respiratory Center Activity
- Chemical Regulation:
- Central Chemoreceptors (Medulla): Sensitive to changes in PCO2 and pH in the CSF.
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors (Carotid and Aortic Bodies): Sensitive to decreases in PO2 in the blood.
- Inflation Reflex (Hering-Breuer Reflex):
- Stretch receptors in the lungs detect lung inflation, sending signals to the medulla via the vagus nerve.
- This inhibits the DRG and stimulates the VRG, stopping inhalation and initiating exhalation.
Other Factors Regulating Respiration:
- Cerebral Cortex: Voluntary control over breathing, influenced by emotions and conscious decisions.
- Hypothalamus: Receives input from other receptors (e.g., pain) and emotional stimuli, influencing respiratory centers.
Summary of Respiratory Regulation:
- CO2 is a primary regulator of respiration. Increases in PCO2 stimulate respiratory centers to increase rate and depth of breathing.
- Overinflation is prevented by the Hering-Breuer reflex, which triggers exhalation in response to lung stretch.
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