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What is the primary purpose of sedation and analgesia in medical imaging?
What is the primary purpose of sedation and analgesia in medical imaging?
Anxiety can cause physical signs such as increased pulse rate and sweating.
Anxiety can cause physical signs such as increased pulse rate and sweating.
True (A)
Which of the following agents is classified as an opiate analgesic?
Which of the following agents is classified as an opiate analgesic?
What is the definition of phobia?
What is the definition of phobia?
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Conscious sedation allows a patient to maintain a patent ________ and remain responsive to commands.
Conscious sedation allows a patient to maintain a patent ________ and remain responsive to commands.
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Benzodiazepines are commonly used as sedatives in conscious sedation.
Benzodiazepines are commonly used as sedatives in conscious sedation.
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Which of the following best describes analgesics?
Which of the following best describes analgesics?
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What is the primary purpose of analgesics?
What is the primary purpose of analgesics?
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An example of a non-opiate analgesic is __________.
An example of a non-opiate analgesic is __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Sedation is defined as a state of unconsciousness.
Sedation is defined as a state of unconsciousness.
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Match the following levels of sedation with their characteristics:
Match the following levels of sedation with their characteristics:
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What is the role of reversal agents in sedation?
What is the role of reversal agents in sedation?
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Which method of administration is NOT typically used for conscious sedation in paediatrics?
Which method of administration is NOT typically used for conscious sedation in paediatrics?
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Propofol is categorized as a sedative due to its favorable side effect profile.
Propofol is categorized as a sedative due to its favorable side effect profile.
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Name one type of drug replaced by benzodiazepines due to side effects.
Name one type of drug replaced by benzodiazepines due to side effects.
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What are benzodiazepines primarily used for?
What are benzodiazepines primarily used for?
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Barbiturates are preferred over benzodiazepines due to having fewer side effects.
Barbiturates are preferred over benzodiazepines due to having fewer side effects.
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What is the role of reversal agents in sedation practices?
What is the role of reversal agents in sedation practices?
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Propofol is considered a __________ medication used in conscious sedation.
Propofol is considered a __________ medication used in conscious sedation.
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Propofol?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Propofol?
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Physical and psychological addiction is a side effect of Benzodiazepines.
Physical and psychological addiction is a side effect of Benzodiazepines.
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What is a significant concern with the use of Barbiturates?
What is a significant concern with the use of Barbiturates?
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Which reversal agent is essential in managing opioid overdose?
Which reversal agent is essential in managing opioid overdose?
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Flumazenil is used to reverse the effects of opioids.
Flumazenil is used to reverse the effects of opioids.
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What should be used for every sedated patient according to safety protocols?
What should be used for every sedated patient according to safety protocols?
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Patients requiring sedation should have a ______ assessment and a sedation plan.
Patients requiring sedation should have a ______ assessment and a sedation plan.
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Match the types of equipment with their purposes:
Match the types of equipment with their purposes:
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What is the purpose of a multi-disciplinary sedation committee?
What is the purpose of a multi-disciplinary sedation committee?
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All sedation-related complications need to be recorded.
All sedation-related complications need to be recorded.
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What is the role of resuscitation equipment in sedation procedures?
What is the role of resuscitation equipment in sedation procedures?
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Study Notes
Contrast Media in Radiography and Medical Imaging
- This lecture covers anxiety, phobia, and conscious sedation in medical imaging.
- The goal of sedation and analgesia is to improve patient experience by reducing negative procedure effects and optimizing patient outcomes.
- Radiological procedures can cause pain, anxiety, psychological, and physical distress.
Definitions
- Anxiety: An overwhelming sense of apprehension and fear, often marked by physical signs like tension, sweating, and increased pulse rate. This includes doubts about one's capacity to cope with the perceived threat.
- Phobia: An exaggerated, usually inexplicable, and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation.
- Sedation: Suppresses the central nervous system to a lesser degree, inhibiting anxiety and long-term memory creation without unconsciousness. It can also be a state of reduced irritability, agitation, or depressed consciousness for medical or diagnostic procedures.
- Conscious Sedation: An induced state of sedation where consciousness is minimally depressed. The patient can independently maintain their airway, retain protective reflexes, and respond to verbal and physical stimuli.
- Analgesic (painkiller): An agent that reduces pain sensation without loss of consciousness; used to relieve pain.
Conscious Sedation and Analgesics
- Many conscious sedation drugs are common in children and adults, but dosages can vary.
- Administration methods include intravenous (adults), oral, intranasal, intramuscular, intravenous, and rectal (paediatrics).
Levels of Sedation
- There are different levels of sedation that affect patients' responsiveness, airway management needs, spontaneous ventilation, cardiovascular stability. The various levels include minimal (anxiolytic), moderate sedations, deep sedation, and general anesthesia.
Categories of Agents
-
Analgesics:
- Opiates (e.g., morphine, pethidine, codeine)
- Non-opiate (e.g., paracetamol, NSAIDs)
- Others (e.g., nitrous oxide)
-
Sedatives:
- Benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam, diazepam)
- Barbiturates (replaced by benzodiazepines due to side effects)
- Propofol (an anesthetic only drug)
- Ketamine (an anesthetic only drug)
Agents Used for Conscious Sedation - Benzodiazepines
- Benzodiazepines are psychoactive drugs affecting nervous system function. They can alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior.
- Benzodiazepines are used as sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and have muscle relaxant properties.
- Examples include midazolam and diazepam (Valium).
Agents Used for Conscious Sedation - Barbiturates
- Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants, used as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants.
- They are replaced by benzodiazepines due to side effects including physical and psychological addiction, overdose potential, and placental/breast milk transmission.
Agents Used for Conscious Sedation - Propofol
- Propofol is a short-acting intravenous medication that decreases consciousness and causes memory loss.
- It is used for initiating and maintaining general anesthesia, sedation in mechanically ventilated adults, and procedural sedation.
- Side effects include irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, injection site burning, cessation of breathing, seizures, and infections (due to misuse) and addiction.
Reversal Agents
- Reversal agents stabilize the effects of sedatives and analgesics.
- Safe sedation practices minimize the need for reversal drugs.
- A clear reversal protocol is necessary and should be available where sedation/analgesia is used.
- Crucial for emergency situations.
Reversal Agents Examples
- Naloxone: Reverses opioid effects. Essential for managing opioid overdoses and respiratory distress.
- Flumazenil: Stabilizes benzodiazepine effects and quickly reverses benzodiazepine-induced respiratory depression.
Key Points for Sedation and Analgesia in Medical Imaging Departments
- Safe and effective sedation and analgesia is essential for many radiological procedures.
- Appropriately trained staff should administer sedation.
- Patients needing sedation should have pre-procedure assessments and plans.
Key Points for Sedation - Medical Imaging Departments
- A WHO checklist is used for each sedated patient.
- Appropriate monitoring of sedated patients is needed.
- Resuscitation equipment and reversal agents are essential and readily available.
- A properly staffed recovery area with communication is needed.
- Sedation-related complications are recorded.
- Regular audits of practice are performed.
- A multidisciplinary sedation committee exists for sedation and analgesia administration in each institution.
Equipment
- Resuscitation/emergency cart, defibrillator, intubation and ventilation equipment, and oxygen supplies.
- Airway maintenance equipment (e.g., nasal cannula, face masks, oral airways, endotracheal tubes, laryngeal mask airways, laryngoscopes, Ambubag).
- Continuous suction equipment, suction catheters, and monitoring equipment (pulse oximetry, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate).
- Pressure-related and position-related injury prevention equipment (e.g., straps, gel pads).
- MRI-appropriate equipment for sedation in MRI scanners.
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Description
Explore the role of anxiety, phobia, and sedation in radiographic procedures. This quiz focuses on how conscious sedation improves patient experience and reduces distress during medical imaging procedures. Understand the definitions and implications of these concepts in radiology.
