Contraception and Reproductive Technologies
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of using dopamine agonists in treatment?

  • To enhance libido in individuals with low sexual desire (correct)
  • To improve sperm motility
  • To treat genital tract infections
  • To reverse a vasectomy

Which of the following is a surgical procedure to reverse the effects of a vasectomy?

  • Semen analysis
  • Vasovasostomy (correct)
  • Clomiphene citrate administration
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Which test is NOT part of the endocrine evaluation in treating male infertility?

  • Serum FSH
  • Semen analysis (correct)
  • Serum testosterone
  • Serum LH

What is the significance of performing a genetic test in the context of male infertility treatment?

<p>To assess possible sex chromosome and somatic mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates the treatment of the male partner is necessary in infertility cases?

<p>Extreme oligospermia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered barrier methods of contraception?

<p>Diaphragms (A), Condoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using contraception?

<p>Avoidance of unwanted pregnancies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with an ideal contraceptive?

<p>Expensive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes terminal methods of contraception?

<p>They involve permanent procedures to prevent fertilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One reason for the need for contraception is to address overpopulation. What is another reason?

<p>To avoid unwanted pregnancies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is an example of a spacing method of contraception?

<p>Hormonal methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary way that progestin prevents pregnancy?

<p>Thickening cervical mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of the withdrawal method of contraception?

<p>It relies on timing and self-control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of progestin-based contraceptive methods?

<p>May increase the risk of blood clots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a requirement for an ideal contraceptive?

<p>Requires medical supervision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should the contraceptive patch be changed to maintain effectiveness?

<p>Every week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the progestin contraceptive method?

<p>It provides protection from STDs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method typically requires four injections per year?

<p>Progestin shots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that may exclude a woman from using certain hormonal contraceptive methods?

<p>Certain health conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the ring contraceptive method?

<p>Changed monthly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of effectiveness do progestin shots have with typical use?

<p>94% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential initial side effects of using the Kyleena IUD?

<p>Vulvovaginitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using hormonal birth control methods?

<p>Immediate pregnancy upon removal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the use of an IUD affect menstrual patterns?

<p>May change menstrual patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly associated with the use of injectable birth control?

<p>Breast pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may occur as an initial side effect of using the Kyleena IUD?

<p>Stomach and/or pelvic pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should women planning for pregnancy consider when using birth control shots?

<p>They need to stop immediately to conceive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to lacking protection from STDs, what is another common concern regarding IUDs?

<p>Mid-cycle spotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a general risk associated with both hormonal methods and IUDs?

<p>Cardiovascular effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high prolactin production have on reproductive hormones?

<p>It suppresses FSH and LH production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combined hormonal contraceptive is more effective than the progesterone-only pill?

<p>Combined pill. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Copper-containing IUD primarily function?

<p>By thickening cervical mucus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible drawback of post coital contraception?

<p>It may lead to side effects from possible overdose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the surgical sperm retrieving procedure?

<p>To obtain viable sperm from a male who cannot ejaculate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of IUDs?

<p>They can remain in the body for 5 to 10 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process?

<p>Ovarian stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mifepristone in contraception?

<p>It prevents implantation of a fertilized egg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of hormonal contraceptives like the combined pill?

<p>Palpitations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step is the sperm and egg combined in a petri dish?

<p>Egg fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for hormonal IUDs?

<p>They thicken cervical mucus and thin the uterine lining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of washing the eggs during fertilization?

<p>To ensure no semen is present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does one full cycle of IVF typically take?

<p>2 to 3 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone therapy is often utilized during ovarian stimulation?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cost range for a typical IVF treatment cycle?

<p>$100,000 - $150,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term 'test tube baby' not advisable in medical context?

<p>It misrepresents the stages of the IVF process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Male Infertility Treatment

Treatment options for men facing difficulties conceiving.

Vasovasostomy

Surgical procedure reversing vasectomy effects.

Semen Analysis

Testing semen volume, sperm motility, and culture.

Oligospermia/Azoospermia

Low sperm count / Absence of sperm in semen, respectively.

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Endocrine Tests

Measure hormones like testosterone, LH, and FSH to evaluate male reproductive health.

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Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy.

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Barrier Methods

Physical methods that prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

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Terminal Methods

Methods of permanent contraception, like vasectomy or tubal ligation.

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Effectiveness of Contraceptive Methods

How well a method prevents pregnancy.

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Ideal Contraceptive

A contraceptive method that is safe, effective, acceptable, reversible, inexpensive, long-lasting, and requires minimal medical supervision.

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Need for Contraception

To prevent unwanted pregnancies and regulate pregnancy timing and intervals.

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Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Small devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

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Spacing Methods

Methods aimed at controlling the time between pregnancies.

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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A procedure where mature eggs are collected and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory setting, then embryos are placed in a uterus where embryos develop.

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Surgical Sperm Retrieval

A procedure used when a man has viable sperm but cannot ejaculate naturally.

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Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

Procedure inserting sperm directly into the uterus.

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Ovarian Stimulation

Hormone therapy to increase egg production.

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Egg Pickup

Collecting mature eggs from the ovaries.

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Sperm Preparation

Preparing sperm for fertilization.

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Embryo Transfer

Placing embryos into the uterus.

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Embryo Development

Growth of embryos in a lab environment.

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IUD (Intrauterine Device)

A small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

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Injectable birth control

A birth control method that uses progestin injections every 3 months to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus

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IUD Side Effect: Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation of the vulva and vagina, sometimes a side effect of IUDs.

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Effectiveness of injectable birth control (typical use)

About 94% effective in preventing pregnancy.

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IUD Side Effect: Stomach/Pelvic Pain

Pain in the stomach or pelvic region sometimes associated with IUD insertion or use.

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Patch contraceptive (application)

A patch that releases hormones into the bloodstream and is used weekly for 3 weeks, then skipped for menstruation.

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Patch contraceptive effectiveness

Effective for 1 week only. Should be changed weekly for 3 weeks then skipped for menstruation (week 4).

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IUD Side Effect: Increased Bleeding

A possible increase in menstrual bleeding experienced by some women using IUDs.

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Vasectomy

Male permanent birth control method, involves surgically cutting the vas deferens.

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Birth Control Shot

A method of contraception using injections containing estrogen and progestogen.

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Tubectomy

Female permanent birth control method, involves surgically blocking or clipping the fallopian tubes.

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Birth Control Shot Limitation

Injections may be unsuitable for women planning to become pregnant soon.

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IUD Side Effect: Mid-cycle Spotting

Spotting or light bleeding in the middle of the menstrual cycle, sometimes linked to IUD use.

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Combined pill (birth control)

Birth control pills that combine estrogen and progestin to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation and changing the uterine lining.

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IUD Side Effect: Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation, potentially worsened by some IUD types.

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Birth control ring

A ring placed in the vagina that releases hormones to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation.

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Combined Pill Side Effects

Potential side effects of the combined birth control pill, including palpitations. More likely in postpartum, breastfeeding, and pre-menstrual individuals.

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High Prolactin Production Effect

Elevated prolactin inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), hindering follicle development and ovulation.

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Barrier Method Contraception

A contraceptive method that physically blocks sperm from reaching the egg.

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IUD Contraception

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are long-term contraceptive options available in hormonal (progestin-releasing) and non-hormonal (copper-containing) forms.

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IUD Mechanism

IUDs work by thickening cervical mucus, thinning the uterine lining, or preventing ovulation, depending on the type.

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Post-Coital Contraception

Emergency contraception taken after unprotected sex to prevent potential pregnancy.

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IUD Effectiveness

IUDs are highly effective, with over 99% efficacy when used correctly.

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Combined Pill vs Mini Pill

The combined pill is generally more effective compared to the progesterone-only pill (mini pill).

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Study Notes

Contraception, Infertility, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

  • Contraception Overview: Methods prevent pregnancy.

  • Contraceptive Methods:

    • Preventive: Methods to help women avoid pregnancy.
      • Advantages: STD safety and family planning
      • Need: Regulate pregnancy timing, space pregnancies.
    • Spacing methods: Methods to space pregnancies.
      • Barrier methods, Intrauterine Devices (IUDs), Hormonal methods, Emergency contraception
    • Terminal methods: Methods to end pregnancy.
      • Male fertilization (Vasectomy), Female fertilization (Tubal ligation)

  • Contraceptive Effectiveness:

    • Effectiveness varies: Different methods have different success rates.
      • Implanted IUDs have low rates of unintended pregnancy.
      • Injectable methods have higher rates of unintended pregnancy.
      • Withdrawal has the highest rate of unintended pregnancy.
    • Typical use vs. perfect use: How often a method prevents pregnancy is different between typical use and perfect use.

  • Ideal Contraceptive:

    • Safe: Should not cause harm to the user.
    • Effective: Should prevent pregnancy.
    • Acceptable: Should be reasonably easy to use, maintain or manage.
    • Reversible: Should not cause permanent infertility.
    • Inexpensive: Should be within the user's budgetary constraints.
    • Long-lasting: Should require minimal intervention over a time.
    • Requires little or no medical supervision

  • Barrier Methods: Physical barriers that prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

    • Male condoms, Female condoms, Diaphragm, Spermicides, IUDs

  • Hormonal Contraceptives: Use hormones to prevent ovulation.

Infertility

  • Definition: Inability to conceive or birth a child after a year or more of attempting.
  • Male Infertility Causes:
    • Defective spermatogenesis, Sperm anomalies, Sperm canal problems, Ejaculation problems, Substance use,
    • Infections, Surgical trauma, Endocrine factors, Genetic factors
  • Female Infertility Causes:
    • Ovulation problems, Fallopian tube damage, Hormonal imbalance, Polycystic ovarian disease

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

  • Techniques: Involves methods to treat infertility through manipulation of egg and sperm. -Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

  • Definition: A collection of techniques that help infertile individuals conceive.

    • It may involve removing eggs and sperm
    • It may involve manually uniting eggs and sperm outside of the body
    • It may involve placing fertilized eggs into the fallopian tubes or uterus

  • Specific example - ICSI: A procedure that involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg.

  • In-vitro fertilization (IVF): A procedure in which eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the body in a laboratory and the resulting embryos are later transferred to the uterus.

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Related Documents

TRANS_DEVBIO-M8-ART (MODULE 8: Contraception, Infertility, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies) PDF

Description

Explore the various methods of contraception, including preventive, spacing, and terminal methods. Understand the effectiveness of each method and the impact on family planning and pregnancy timing. This quiz covers essential concepts in contraception and assisted reproductive technologies.

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