Contraception and Reproductive Technologies

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of using dopamine agonists in treatment?

To enhance libido in individuals with low sexual desire (correct)

To improve sperm motility

To treat genital tract infections

To reverse a vasectomy

Which of the following is a surgical procedure to reverse the effects of a vasectomy?

Semen analysis

Vasovasostomy (correct)

Clomiphene citrate administration

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Which test is NOT part of the endocrine evaluation in treating male infertility?

Serum FSH

Semen analysis (correct)

Serum testosterone

Serum LH

What is the significance of performing a genetic test in the context of male infertility treatment?

To assess possible sex chromosome and somatic mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates the treatment of the male partner is necessary in infertility cases?

Extreme oligospermia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered barrier methods of contraception?

Diaphragms Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using contraception?

Avoidance of unwanted pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with an ideal contraceptive?

Expensive Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes terminal methods of contraception?

They involve permanent procedures to prevent fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

One reason for the need for contraception is to address overpopulation. What is another reason?

To avoid unwanted pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is an example of a spacing method of contraception?

Hormonal methods Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary way that progestin prevents pregnancy?

Thickening cervical mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of the withdrawal method of contraception?

It relies on timing and self-control. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of progestin-based contraceptive methods?

May increase the risk of blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a requirement for an ideal contraceptive?

Requires medical supervision Signup and view all the answers

How often should the contraceptive patch be changed to maintain effectiveness?

Every week Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the progestin contraceptive method?

It provides protection from STDs Signup and view all the answers

Which method typically requires four injections per year?

Progestin shots Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that may exclude a woman from using certain hormonal contraceptive methods?

Certain health conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the ring contraceptive method?

Changed monthly Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of effectiveness do progestin shots have with typical use?

94% Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential initial side effects of using the Kyleena IUD?

Vulvovaginitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using hormonal birth control methods?

Immediate pregnancy upon removal Signup and view all the answers

How might the use of an IUD affect menstrual patterns?

May change menstrual patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly associated with the use of injectable birth control?

Breast pain Signup and view all the answers

What condition may occur as an initial side effect of using the Kyleena IUD?

Stomach and/or pelvic pain Signup and view all the answers

What should women planning for pregnancy consider when using birth control shots?

They need to stop immediately to conceive Signup and view all the answers

In addition to lacking protection from STDs, what is another common concern regarding IUDs?

Mid-cycle spotting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a general risk associated with both hormonal methods and IUDs?

Cardiovascular effects Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high prolactin production have on reproductive hormones?

It suppresses FSH and LH production. Signup and view all the answers

Which combined hormonal contraceptive is more effective than the progesterone-only pill?

Combined pill. Signup and view all the answers

How does a Copper-containing IUD primarily function?

By thickening cervical mucus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible drawback of post coital contraception?

It may lead to side effects from possible overdose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the surgical sperm retrieving procedure?

To obtain viable sperm from a male who cannot ejaculate Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of IUDs?

They can remain in the body for 5 to 10 years. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process?

Ovarian stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mifepristone in contraception?

It prevents implantation of a fertilized egg. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of hormonal contraceptives like the combined pill?

Palpitations. Signup and view all the answers

During which step is the sperm and egg combined in a petri dish?

Egg fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for hormonal IUDs?

They thicken cervical mucus and thin the uterine lining. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of washing the eggs during fertilization?

To ensure no semen is present Signup and view all the answers

How long does one full cycle of IVF typically take?

2 to 3 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What hormone therapy is often utilized during ovarian stimulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cost range for a typical IVF treatment cycle?

$100,000 - $150,000 Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term 'test tube baby' not advisable in medical context?

It misrepresents the stages of the IVF process Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Contraception, Infertility, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

Contraception Overview: Methods prevent pregnancy.
Contraceptive Methods:
- Preventive: Methods to help women avoid pregnancy.
  - Advantages: STD safety and family planning
  - Need: Regulate pregnancy timing, space pregnancies.
- Spacing methods: Methods to space pregnancies.
  - Barrier methods, Intrauterine Devices (IUDs), Hormonal methods, Emergency contraception
- Terminal methods: Methods to end pregnancy.
  - Male fertilization (Vasectomy), Female fertilization (Tubal ligation)
Contraceptive Effectiveness:
- Effectiveness varies: Different methods have different success rates.
  - Implanted IUDs have low rates of unintended pregnancy.
  - Injectable methods have higher rates of unintended pregnancy.
  - Withdrawal has the highest rate of unintended pregnancy.
- Typical use vs. perfect use: How often a method prevents pregnancy is different between typical use and perfect use.
Ideal Contraceptive:
- Safe: Should not cause harm to the user.
- Effective: Should prevent pregnancy.
- Acceptable: Should be reasonably easy to use, maintain or manage.
- Reversible: Should not cause permanent infertility.
- Inexpensive: Should be within the user's budgetary constraints.
- Long-lasting: Should require minimal intervention over a time.
- Requires little or no medical supervision
Barrier Methods: Physical barriers that prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
- Male condoms, Female condoms, Diaphragm, Spermicides, IUDs
Hormonal Contraceptives: Use hormones to prevent ovulation.

Infertility

Definition: Inability to conceive or birth a child after a year or more of attempting.
Male Infertility Causes:
- Defective spermatogenesis, Sperm anomalies, Sperm canal problems, Ejaculation problems, Substance use,
- Infections, Surgical trauma, Endocrine factors, Genetic factors
Female Infertility Causes:
- Ovulation problems, Fallopian tube damage, Hormonal imbalance, Polycystic ovarian disease

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

Techniques: Involves methods to treat infertility through manipulation of egg and sperm. -Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Definition: A collection of techniques that help infertile individuals conceive.
- It may involve removing eggs and sperm
- It may involve manually uniting eggs and sperm outside of the body
- It may involve placing fertilized eggs into the fallopian tubes or uterus
Specific example - ICSI: A procedure that involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg.
In-vitro fertilization (IVF): A procedure in which eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the body in a laboratory and the resulting embryos are later transferred to the uterus.

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Description

Explore the various methods of contraception, including preventive, spacing, and terminal methods. Understand the effectiveness of each method and the impact on family planning and pregnancy timing. This quiz covers essential concepts in contraception and assisted reproductive technologies.