Content Theories of Motivation
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Questions and Answers

According to content theories of motivation, what do they focus on?

  • Analyzing behavior patterns
  • Understanding behavior complexity
  • Stimulating behavior (correct)
  • Predicting behavior outcomes

    • In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, how do people satisfy their needs?

  • Simultaneously, regardless of level
  • Randomly, based on personal preference
  • Based on external influences
  • One at a time, from bottom to top (correct)

    • What did Herzberg term factors that led to satisfaction in his Two-factor theory?

  • 'Motivators' (correct)
  • 'Dissatisfiers'
  • 'Satisfiers'
  • 'Hygiene factors'

    • According to process theorists, how do they propose people are compared to need theorists?

    <p>More complex, pragmatic, and contemplative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's achievement theory, what is the strong orientation toward accomplishment and success called?

    <p>'Achievement' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alderfer's ERG theory propose about people satisfying needs?

    <p>People are motivated to satisfy lower needs before higher needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what does 'Valence' refer to?

    <p>'Value an individual places in a reward' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did McGregor propose in Theory X and Theory Y?

    <p>'Different managerial approaches based on assumptions about employees' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Adam's Equity Theory, what does inequity lead to?

    <p>'Tension and attempts to restore balance' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Equity Theory, inequity is resolved by:

    <p>Adjusting behavior to restore equity balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are considered as 'inputs' in Equity Theory?

    <p>Effort, experience, and skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motivation and pay, what must employees believe in order to be motivated by financial reward?

    <p>Good performance will allow them to realize the financial reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration in motivation and pay according to the text?

    <p>Overall Equity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does work design refer to?

    <p>The way various tasks in the organization are structured and carried out (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does job design shift from one theoretical perspective to another include according to the text?

    <p>Task specialisation to job enrichment to socio-technical systems theory and high performance work design. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Adam's Equity Theory, what are 'outcomes' related to?

    <p>That which the individual receives in return for his/her inputs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Adam's Equity Theory?

    <p>People’s feelings of how fairly they have been treated compared with others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In motivation and work design, what influences the degree of intrinsic satisfaction according to the text?

    <p>Work organization and design influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must employees believe in order to be motivated by pay according to the text?

    <p>Good performance will allow them to realize desired financial rewards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Equity Theory, how do individuals solve perceived inequity?

    <p>By adjusting behavior to restore equity balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to content theories of motivation, what is the main focus?

    <p>Determining needs as the most important determinant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>People satisfy lower needs before higher needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In McClelland's achievement theory, what is the strong orientation toward accomplishment and success called?

    <p>Achievement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herzberg term factors that led to satisfaction in his Two-factor theory?

    <p>'Motivators' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do process theorists propose about people compared to need theorists?

    <p>People are more complex and less pragmatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vroom's Expectancy Theory refer to as 'Valence'?

    <p>Value an individual places in a reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alderfer's ERG theory propose about satisfying needs?

    <p>People satisfy lower needs before higher needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did McGregor propose in Theory X and Theory Y?

    <p>Theory X assumes employees dislike work, while Theory Y assumes employees enjoy work and seek responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Adam's Equity Theory, how do individuals solve perceived inequity?

    <p>By changing their perception of inputs and outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of McGregor's Theory X?

    <p>Employees dislike work and must be directed or threatened with punishment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Adam's Equity Theory?

    <p>Comparing inputs and outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Equity Theory, how do individuals solve perceived inequity?

    <p>By adjusting behavior to restore equity balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motivation and pay, what must employees believe in order to be motivated by financial reward?

    <p>Good performance will allow them to realize financial reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does job design shift from one theoretical perspective to another include according to the text?

    <p>Task specialization to job enrichment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are considered as 'inputs' in Equity Theory?

    <p>Effort, experience, and skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to content theories of motivation, what do they focus on?

    <p>The content of motivation needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herzberg term factors that led to satisfaction in his Two-factor theory?

    <p>Hygiene factors and motivators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's achievement theory, what is the strong orientation toward accomplishment and success called?

    <p>Need for achievement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration in motivation and pay according to the text?

    <p>Overall equity balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, how do people satisfy their needs?

    <p>Sequentially from bottom to top level needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Adam's Equity Theory?

    <p>Comparing inputs and outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must employees believe in order to be motivated by pay according to the text?

    <p>Good performance will lead to desired financial rewards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Equity Theory, how do individuals solve perceived inequity?

    <p>By adjusting behavior to restore equity balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does job design shift from one theoretical perspective to another include according to the text?

    <p>Task specialization to high performance work design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are considered as 'inputs' in Equity Theory?

    <p>Effort, experience, and skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration in motivation and pay according to the text?

    <p>'Intrinsic satisfaction' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of McGregor's Theory X?

    <p>Assuming employees have an inherent dislike for work and need to be closely supervised (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what does 'Valence' refer to?

    <p>Value and individual places in a reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herzberg term factors that led to satisfaction in his Two-factor theory?

    <p>'Motivators' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Equity Theory, how do individuals solve perceived inequity?

    <p>By changing their perception of the situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>People satisfy these needs one at a time, from bottom to top (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Adam's Equity Theory?

    <p>Exploring the impact of perceived inequity on motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In McClelland's achievement theory, what is the strong orientation toward accomplishment and success called?

    <p>Achievement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to content theories of motivation, what do they focus on?

    <p>Identifying different sets of motivational needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alderfer's ERG theory propose about satisfying needs?

    <p>Needs are satisfied simultaneously rather than in a hierarchical order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to process theorists, how do they propose people are compared to need theorists?

    <p>More complex and contemplative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Content Theories of Motivation

    • Focus on what motivates individuals, emphasizing the importance of needs and their satisfaction.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • People satisfy their needs by progressing upwards through the hierarchy, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

    Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

    • Factors that lead to satisfaction are termed "motivators" or "intrinsic factors", such as achievement, recognition, and growth.

    Process Theories of Motivation

    • Propose that people are motivated by their expectations and perceptions of the reward system, rather than by their needs.

    McClelland's Achievement Theory

    • The strong orientation toward accomplishment and success is called the "need for achievement" (n-Ach).

    Alderfer's ERG Theory

    • People satisfy needs by progressing through the three levels of existence, relatedness, and growth.

    Vroom's Expectancy Theory

    • "Valence" refers to the perceived value or attractiveness of a reward.

    McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

    • Theory X: managers assume that employees are lazy and unmotivated, and must be controlled and directed.
    • Theory Y: managers assume that employees are motivated and self-directed, and will take responsibility for their work.

    Adam's Equity Theory

    • Inequity leads to feelings of discomfort, which can be resolved by restoring equity or leaving the situation.
    • Inequity is resolved by altering inputs, outcomes, or leaving the situation.
    • Inputs refer to the effort and contribution made by employees.
    • Outcomes are related to the rewards and benefits received by employees.
    • The main focus is on the fairness of the reward system and the perceived equity of the relationship between inputs and outcomes.

    Motivation and Pay

    • Employees must believe that their effort will lead to a desired outcome, and that the outcome is valued by them.
    • An important consideration is the fairness of the reward system.

    Work Design

    • Refers to the way in which tasks are organized and structured to enhance motivation and performance.
    • Job design shifts from one theoretical perspective to another, including the emphasis on intrinsic motivation, autonomy, and task significance.

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    Description

    Explore the main content theories of motivation, including Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s ERG theory. Understand the factors that initiate or stimulate behavior and the importance of needs in driving motivation.

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