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Questions and Answers

What is critical for men engaging in feminist fieldwork?

  • Objectivity
  • Diversity
  • Reflexivity (correct)
  • Independence

More cases in research generally increase external validity.

True (A)

What does the term 'positionality' refer to in research?

Positionality refers to the researchers' social and political identities and how these influence their research.

Reflexivity encourages researchers to consider their own ______ and biases.

<p>positionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Large-N Research = Involves extensive data with many cases Small-N Research = Focuses on fewer cases for in-depth analysis Reflexivity = The practice of examining one's own influence in research Case Selection = Process of choosing meaningful cases for study</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary advantage of small-N research?

<p>Generalizability of findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Theoretical frameworks have no influence on case selection in research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a trade-off encountered when selecting cases in field-based research?

<p>The trade-off is between depth and breadth of analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an essential method for understanding political behavior?

<p>Participant Observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnography requires short-term engagement with a community.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research allows for deep insights into political processes through immersion?

<p>Site-intensive methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnography is a powerful tool for understanding _____ life in repressive contexts.

<p>political</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Ethnography = A qualitative research method focused on cultural understanding Participant Observation = A technique where the researcher engages with the community Reflexivity = The process of critically reflecting on one’s own influence Challenges of Ethnography = Difficulties encountered in repressive regimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is commonly associated with ethnographic research?

<p>Accessing information in authoritarian regimes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflexivity is not important in interpreting findings from ethnographic research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key takeaway regarding participant observation in political science?

<p>It helps understand political behavior from within.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of data collection discussed in Björnehed's examination of political conflicts?

<p>Interviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Context is important for analyzing interview data in political discourse.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two qualitative methods mentioned that can complement interviews in political research?

<p>Oral histories and focus groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ is a crucial issue researchers must consider due to their background influencing the research process.

<p>Reflexivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following qualitative data collection methods with their descriptions:

<p>Interviews = In-depth individual perspectives on political phenomena Oral Histories = Capture of personal narratives and collective memory Focus Groups = Exploration of group dynamics and collective opinions Field Research = Immersive method to gather insider perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of framing in political discourse?

<p>It helps shape how conflicts are perceived (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interviews and focus groups are quantitative research methods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key issue researchers must be aware of when conducting ethnography.

<p>Positionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which analytical frameworks are commonly used for analyzing political texts?

<p>Thematic analysis and discourse analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interpretive research seeks generalizable laws or theories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of process tracing in political research?

<p>Tracing causal mechanisms and identifying sequences of events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ of research refers to the iterative, cyclical nature of qualitative research.

<p>rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research methods with their characteristics:

<p>Interpretive Research = Understanding social meanings within context Process Tracing = Identifying causal sequences in events Discourse Analysis = Examining language and its impact on perception Thematic Analysis = Identifying patterns across qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do interpretive research and discourse analysis primarily differ?

<p>Interpretive research focuses on individual meanings, while discourse analysis emphasizes language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Practicing identifying frames and discourses in political texts is an essential part of discourse analysis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of the iterative process in qualitative research?

<p>It allows researchers to continuously refine their questions and methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of discourse analysis?

<p>Understanding how language shapes social realities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discourse analysis assumes that knowledge is context-independent and objective.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key focus of discourse analysis.

<p>Power relations in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frame analysis focuses on how political issues are _____ by political actors.

<p>framed</p> Signup and view all the answers

In frame analysis, what is the purpose of highlighting certain aspects of an issue?

<p>To shape and influence public perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Snowball sampling involves starting with a few key texts and expanding to related discourses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used in discourse analysis for selecting texts?

<p>Purposeful sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ontology refer to in the context of political science?

<p>The study of existing social entities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epistemology examines the nature of social entities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does the chapter emphasize between ontology and epistemology?

<p>They are intertwined; ontology influences epistemology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positivist research approach often aligns with a _____ ontology.

<p>realist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the metaphor used in the chapter to illustrate the relationship between ontology and epistemology?

<p>A Skin Not a Sweater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constructivist ontology views political institutions as real and independent of human interaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does constructivism imply about the nature of political institutions?

<p>Political institutions are social constructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Comparative Case Studies

A research method used in political science to examine similarities and differences across cases to establish causal relationships.

Case Selection

Choosing relevant cases to analyze in research. The selection process balances the quality and quantity of cases.

Large-N Research

A research design that examines data from many cases.

Small-N Research

A research design that examines data from few cases in depth.

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Reflexivity in Research

Being self-aware of personal biases and perspectives during research.

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Feminist Fieldwork

Research conducted by feminists to analyze gender dynamics, power imbalances, and social issues.

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External Validity

The degree to which research findings can be generalized to other situations or populations beyond those studied.

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Power Dynamics in Research

Recognizing and addressing the influence of power relationships between researchers and participants.

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Ethnography

A research method that involves long-term engagement with a community to understand political behavior.

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Participant Observation

A key method in ethnography, involving active participation within a community to understand their perspectives and behaviors.

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Site-intensive methods

Research methods that involve deep engagement with a particular location or community, to learn about political behavior.

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Challenges in political ethnography

Difficulties, like gaining access and ensuring ethical considerations, when conducting research in sensitive or political areas.

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Interviews

Gather info by asking questions one-on-one.

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Oral Histories

Gathering historical accounts through spoken word.

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Focus Groups

Collect data by having small groups discuss specific topics.

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Framing Theory

How political actors shape how conflicts and peace processes are understood.

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Interviews in Conflict Research

Gathering data from individuals to understand their experiences and perspectives on political events.

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Contextual Analysis

Understanding how the setting and history of a conflict influence data analysis.

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Ontology

The study of what exists in the social world, exploring the fundamental nature of things like political institutions, ideas, or social constructs.

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Epistemology

The study of knowledge, exploring how we know what we know, and the relationship between the researcher and the world they're studying.

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Relationship between Ontology and Epistemology

These concepts are intertwined. The way we understand the world (ontology) influences how we research it (epistemology).

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Positivism

A research approach focused on objective, observable facts, often aligning with a realist ontology.

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Interpretivism

A research approach focused on understanding meanings, contexts, and interpretations, often aligning with a constructivist ontology.

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Realism

A philosophical perspective that views political institutions and phenomena as existing independently of human actions and interpretations.

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Social Constructivism

A philosophical perspective that views political phenomena as constructed through social interactions and discourse.

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Research Design Implications

Our ontological and epistemological assumptions influence our research designs. Different perspectives lead to different methods and choices.

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Interpretive Research

A qualitative method that explores how people understand their social world. It focuses on interpreting meanings and actions within specific contexts, rather than seeking generalizable laws.

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Rhythms of Research

The iterative process of qualitative research, where data collection, analysis, and interpretation cycle continuously, refining questions and insights.

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Process Tracing

A technique in qualitative research for tracking the causal mechanisms that link events to their outcomes. It seeks to understand the specific sequence of events that lead to a particular result.

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Discourse Analysis

A method that examines language use to understand how ideas and perspectives are shaped and communicated.

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Frames

Mental structures that organize our understanding of the world, influencing how we perceive and interpret information.

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Discourses

Systems of language, values, and beliefs that shape how we talk about and understand certain topics.

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How do interpretive, process-tracing, and discourse analysis differ in their approach to evidence?

Interpretive research seeks to understand meanings and actions within specific contexts. Process tracing examines causal mechanisms and sequences of events. Discourse analysis analyzes language to understand how ideas and perspectives are shaped.

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How can frames and discourses influence political perceptions and policies?

Frames shape how we understand issues, while discourses provide the language and assumptions used to discuss them. This can influence public opinion and policy decisions.

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Constructivist Epistemology

The belief that knowledge is not objective but is actively created through language and social interaction. This means that truth is shaped by our conversations and the context we're in.

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Interpretivist Approach

Understanding meaning through subjective interpretation, focusing on how language constructs social realities.

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Power Relations in Language

Discourse analysis explores how language can be used to maintain or challenge power structures within society.

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Frame Analysis

The study of how political actors present or 'frame' issues, events, or policies to shape public perception and action. Frames are mental structures that influence how we understand the world.

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Purposeful Sampling

Choosing specific texts or types of discourse that are relevant to the research question in discourse analysis.

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Snowball Sampling

Starting with a few key texts or actors and then expanding the research to include related discourses.

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