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Questions and Answers
What economic system is Julius Nyerere known for founding?
What economic system is Julius Nyerere known for founding?
Which of the following was a primary motivation behind Ben Bella's nationalization of industries?
Which of the following was a primary motivation behind Ben Bella's nationalization of industries?
What document did Nyerere issue in 1967, outlining his views on African Socialism?
What document did Nyerere issue in 1967, outlining his views on African Socialism?
Which historical figure replaced Ben Bella in 1965?
Which historical figure replaced Ben Bella in 1965?
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Which of the following was NOT cited as a service offered to colonized communities?
Which of the following was NOT cited as a service offered to colonized communities?
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What led to the beginning of modern colonialism in Africa?
What led to the beginning of modern colonialism in Africa?
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Which pope issued the Doctrine of Discovery that authorized the subjugation of non-Christian peoples?
Which pope issued the Doctrine of Discovery that authorized the subjugation of non-Christian peoples?
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What was the outcome of the war waged by Nyerere against Uganda from 1978 to 1979?
What was the outcome of the war waged by Nyerere against Uganda from 1978 to 1979?
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What factor contributed to the shifting of trade epicenters to the southern region in pre-colonial Africa?
What factor contributed to the shifting of trade epicenters to the southern region in pre-colonial Africa?
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How did Islamic culture influence pre-colonial African states?
How did Islamic culture influence pre-colonial African states?
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What characterized the pre-colonial African state governance and political system?
What characterized the pre-colonial African state governance and political system?
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What led to the emergence of institutionalized slavery in ancient civilizations?
What led to the emergence of institutionalized slavery in ancient civilizations?
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Which practice was commonly associated with the slave trade among pre-colonial African tribes?
Which practice was commonly associated with the slave trade among pre-colonial African tribes?
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What was the estimated number of Africans transported to the Americas during the global slave trade?
What was the estimated number of Africans transported to the Americas during the global slave trade?
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What was a common practice regarding slaves in ancient tribal systems?
What was a common practice regarding slaves in ancient tribal systems?
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Which statement correctly describes the changes in political systems in pre-colonial African states?
Which statement correctly describes the changes in political systems in pre-colonial African states?
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Which of the following countries gained independence during the first stage of the African post-colonial state?
Which of the following countries gained independence during the first stage of the African post-colonial state?
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Which leader was NOT mentioned as a key figure in the first stage of the African post-colonial state?
Which leader was NOT mentioned as a key figure in the first stage of the African post-colonial state?
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What characterized the governance approach of African leaders during the first stage of the post-colonial state?
What characterized the governance approach of African leaders during the first stage of the post-colonial state?
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What significant institution was established first in the post-colonial era?
What significant institution was established first in the post-colonial era?
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What governance system was a direct result of colonial misrule in the first stage of the African post-colonial state?
What governance system was a direct result of colonial misrule in the first stage of the African post-colonial state?
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What were the characteristics of governance at the level of continental governance in the second stage?
What were the characteristics of governance at the level of continental governance in the second stage?
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Which was NOT an endorsed Regional Economic Community (REC) in the context of contemporary African governance?
Which was NOT an endorsed Regional Economic Community (REC) in the context of contemporary African governance?
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What is a primary focus of the African Union (AU) since its establishment?
What is a primary focus of the African Union (AU) since its establishment?
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What significant event occurred in Abyssinia during the Fourth century AD?
What significant event occurred in Abyssinia during the Fourth century AD?
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Which Empire did Emperor Najashi lead when he adopted Islam in the 7th century?
Which Empire did Emperor Najashi lead when he adopted Islam in the 7th century?
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What was the main outcome of the PACT Agreement signed in 652 AD?
What was the main outcome of the PACT Agreement signed in 652 AD?
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What type of political systems did pre-colonial Africa focus on?
What type of political systems did pre-colonial Africa focus on?
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Which of the following states was an influential pre-colonial African state between the 13th and 19th century?
Which of the following states was an influential pre-colonial African state between the 13th and 19th century?
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What event marked the end of the Blue Sultanate in 1821?
What event marked the end of the Blue Sultanate in 1821?
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Who was responsible for the collapse of the Sultanate of Darfur in 1874?
Who was responsible for the collapse of the Sultanate of Darfur in 1874?
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What significant action did Abdelkarim take in the Wadai Abassayid Sultanate establishment?
What significant action did Abdelkarim take in the Wadai Abassayid Sultanate establishment?
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What is a significant economic challenge faced by contemporary African states?
What is a significant economic challenge faced by contemporary African states?
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What was one outcome of the debt restructuring efforts initiated by the G-7 in 1988?
What was one outcome of the debt restructuring efforts initiated by the G-7 in 1988?
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Which of the following challenges has contributed to military coups in the Sahel region since 2021?
Which of the following challenges has contributed to military coups in the Sahel region since 2021?
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What underlying issue has plagued the governance system of African states since the 1960s?
What underlying issue has plagued the governance system of African states since the 1960s?
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Which suggestion has been proposed to manage the challenges of diversity in governance within Africa?
Which suggestion has been proposed to manage the challenges of diversity in governance within Africa?
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The incurred costs of servicing Africa's total debt are expected to reach how much by 2024?
The incurred costs of servicing Africa's total debt are expected to reach how much by 2024?
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What result has arisen from central governance failures in African states?
What result has arisen from central governance failures in African states?
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Which country is listed as experiencing military coups due to governance challenges?
Which country is listed as experiencing military coups due to governance challenges?
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What was a primary characteristic of the A Group Culture during its time?
What was a primary characteristic of the A Group Culture during its time?
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Which dynasty is known for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt?
Which dynasty is known for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt?
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What was the significant impact of religion in the pre-colonial African state?
What was the significant impact of religion in the pre-colonial African state?
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Which of the following is considered a pre-colonial African state under Islamic rule?
Which of the following is considered a pre-colonial African state under Islamic rule?
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Which figure is associated with the establishment of the Shura environment in Islamic governance?
Which figure is associated with the establishment of the Shura environment in Islamic governance?
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What does the Shura Chapter of The Holy Quran emphasize regarding governance?
What does the Shura Chapter of The Holy Quran emphasize regarding governance?
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Which ancient dynasty controlled Awdaghost before the Almoravid Dynasty?
Which ancient dynasty controlled Awdaghost before the Almoravid Dynasty?
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What was the predominant pattern found in the crania of the 1st Dynasty Egyptians according to S.O.Y. Keita's study?
What was the predominant pattern found in the crania of the 1st Dynasty Egyptians according to S.O.Y. Keita's study?
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Study Notes
Contemporary African Politics
- Politics encompasses decision-making, power, resource distribution, status, cooperation, negotiation, and conflict in societies.
- Political Science is the study of government administration, governance, and community management methods.
- A political system defines acceptable political methods within a society.
- Pre-colonial African societies were governed by tribal entities and nation-states (e.g., Nubian, Ethiopian, Kush, Abyssinia).
Ethiopian and Kush
- Ethiopian and Kush were ancient Greek terms used to describe Black people in Africa.
- Kush means "Land of the Black" in Nubian.
- Sudan, in Arabic, refers to the entire African continent.
- Kushians were descendants of Ham (one of Noah's sons) and the original inhabitants of Africa.
Ancient Kingdoms of Africa
- Kerma civilization (2500-1500 BC) was the oldest civilization in Africa, located in Northern Sudan.
- Settlements were recorded as early as 8,350 BC.
- Nubians were powerful dynasties, including Pharaonic dynasties in Egypt.
- Nubians invaded Upper Egypt, occupying Aswan, aiming to drive out Ptolemy invaders.
Major Nubian Kingdoms
- Kush (1070 BC – 350 AD), Merowe (800 BC – 350 AD), Almuqarra (500 – 1315 AD), Nobatiya (350 - 650 AD), and Alwa (350 -1502 AD).
- These kingdoms had capitals in Kareema, Dongola, Faras, and Soba.
- Nubians engaged in foreign relations with Pharaonic Egypt and Romans.
- They signed a 100-year non-aggression agreement in 451 AD with Roman commander Maximinios and Emperor Justinian in 527 AD.
Abyssinia and Christianity
- Abyssinia embraced Christianity in the 4th century AD.
- Relations were established with Christian dynasties in Egypt and the Roman Empire.
- Ethiopia's Emperor Najashi adopted Islam in the 7th century, leading to centuries of peaceful relations.
- No Muslim invasion.
The Advent of Islam
- Islam arrived in Africa in the early seventh century, with Muslim warriors entering Egypt and Nubia.
- Agreements were signed allowing movement and trade between Egypt and Nubia (652 AD).
Pre-Colonial African States
- Key states (13th-19th centuries) included the Blue Sultanate, Darfur Sultanate, Takrur, Wadai Abasi Sultanate, Kanem Borno, Hausa kingdoms, and Sokoto States.
- These greatly influenced modern African post-colonial states, affecting demography, culture, the economy, and political thought.
- The Blue Sultanate, one of the major kingdoms west of the Red Sea, ceased to exist in 1821, when it was invaded by the Khedive administration of Egypt.
The Sultanate of Darfur
- A significant Islamic Sultanate in western Sudan.
- Lasted more than four centuries before collapsing in 1874, under Az-Zubayr Pasha.
The Slave Trade and European Rule in Africa
- Slavery is a system where one person owns another as property.
- Institutionalized slavery emerged in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia) around 3500 BC.
- Tribes had laws and boundaries regarding captives of war or imprisoned persons.
- The global slave trade (16th-19th centuries) transported 10-12 million enslaved Africans to the Americas.
- European powers (Portuguese and Spanish) began transporting African slaves.
- Slavery in the Americas started in 1526.
Triangular Trade
- Involved the exchange of goods (arms, textiles, wine, sugar, coffee) across Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
American Slavery
- Practiced in the Thirteen Colonies of British America from 1526.
- Enslaved persons were considered property.
- Abolition in 1865.
Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa
- Depopulation, fear of captivity, and economic disruption in West Africa.
- Estimated loss of 10-15% of captives during the journey.
- Impoverishment in African countries, impacting economic, social, political and legal systems.
The Era of International Conventions on Suppression of Slavery
- The League of Nations created the 1926 Slavery Convention.
- Various conventions were adopted to halt slavery and the slave trade, under the UN auspices.
Nationalism and Independence
- Nationalism is the tendency to support one's nation, particularly in face of threats or detriment to other nations' interests.
- Pan-Africanism aimed for the federation of all African nation-states, while African nationalism focused on creating independent nation-states.
- Notable figures in African nationalism include Othman Dan Fodio, Patrice Lumumba, Ahmed Sékou Touré, and Julius Nyerere.
- The 1820s-1885 Sudanese Mahdist Revolution caused the overthrow of Egypt's rule, leading to Sudanese independence movements during British rule.
Legacies of Colonial Rule
- Colonial powers offered certain services (literacy, infrastructure, and government), but were often accompanied by cultural assimilation and attempts to impose Western values.
- Created an environment of lawlessness and misgovernance, hindering development.
- Used existing African tribes and political structures for administration.
The Scramble for Africa
- The period of mass European colonization of Africa (1833-1914) by Western powers, driven by the desire for resources.
- The Conference of Berlin (1884-1886) regulated European colonization and trade.
- The European powers divided African territories amongst themselves.
Contemporary African States
- Faced various challenges after independence.
- Political and economic instabilities, impacting governance frameworks, development and diversity.
- Debt restructuring efforts, to address debt.
- Efforts towards regional governance and unity, through organisations like African Union (AU), and various economic, political and social efforts to ensure cooperation and development.
Race, Ethnicity, and Politics in the African Post-Colonial State
- Ethnicity comprises shared cultural attributes, consciousness, and boundaries. Africa displays significant ethnic diversity.
- Race is often described as groups with similar physical traits, cultural background, language, religion, or geographical origin
- Racial Discrimination is any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, color, descent, or ethnic origin.
Religion and Politics in the African Contemporary State
- Religion played a significant role for governance in pre-colonial Africa.
- Different religious groups adhered to the customs, laws, and practices of their region, and the church in various forms and sizes shaped politics.
- Colonial influences brought religious diversification across African states.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of contemporary African politics, including governance systems, historical tribal entities, and the political dynamics of ancient kingdoms like Ethiopia and Kush. This quiz covers the evolution of political structures and the significance of leadership in African societies.
