Construction Planning & Earthwork

• Construction is a business where project conditions can vary greatly between projects.
• Examining project conditions and different approaches is essential for ensuring success.
• For preparing a plan and cost estimate for earthwork : volumes involved, haul distances, grades and work hazards must be determined.
• For systematic earthwork recording and calculations, an earthwork volume sheet is used.
• To select the most suitable excavation and hauling equipment a mass diagram is used.

Planning

• Each construction project has unique requirements, even if similar workhas been done before.
• Trial-and-error fixes are not compatible with modern construction's pace, complexity, and cost.
• The point of planning is to develop appropriat strategies and courses of action for potential problems.
• Planning reduces resource costs and ensures safe work completion.

The purpose of planning is to:

• Understand project objectives and requirements

• Define work elements

• Identify the commitment of resources required

• Develop safe building methods and avoid risks

• Increase productivity

• Coordinate and integrate activity

• Create precise schedules

• Respond to changes that will happen in the future

• Provide and monitor the project activities that will be used

• Anticipatory decision-making requires choosing a good course of action to respond to things that may occur

• requires screening of variables and evaluating options to acheive succes

Variables affecting earthwork include:

• Quantities (volume or weight)
• Haul distances
• Grades
• Work hazards
• Contractual and legal constraints

Constraints include:

• Contractual requirements

• Legal requirements (OSHA, licensing, environmental control)

• Physical/environmental limitations (off-site fabrication, material storage, traffic control)

• Climatic conditions

• Early planning improves execution, allowing the construtor time to think out impacts and constraints to create efficient projects

• Planning involves breaking tasks into smaller, independent subtasks,this allows the planner to have structure over complex problems

• The more resources allocated at each stage, the greater the opportunity to optimize solutions.

Safety

• Engineers are required by law and morally to ensure safety.
• Make sure all workplaces are safe and use safe processes.
• While heavy construction machines expand human potentials, they can create hazards.
• A collision with a sizable earthmoving vehicle can result in serious injuries in a regular-sized car.
• Annual fatalities in U.S. highway construction and maintenance work zones averaged 778 from 1994 through 1999, 1060 from 2000 through 2006, and 669 from 2007 through 2012.
• Safety planning identifies hazards and protects workers.

Accidents result from multiple errors: by "breaking the chain of mistakes" the safety improves

Fatal crane accident at Milwaukee's Miller Park errors chain:

• Project critical path pressure

• Wind speed not checked

• Field supervision ignored warnings

• Assessment of risks and money and management are invested in proportion.

• Safety planning depends on the specific potential risks linked with work

• Addressing potential mistakes dimishes the overall level of risk.

• Shapiro's advise: "Don't assume anything. Ask questions and check for yourself.".

Earthwork Planning

• Estimators and engineers do tasks often in sequential order with chains with feedback.

• As decision start, investigation is often needed for the unclearity that it brings

• The information in work elements are analyzed

• Project work elements are defined in physical terms like stripping, excavation, and embankment.

• Project material take-off or quantity survey are also in physical terms

• The material total is calculated and affected by productivity.

• quantity survey: The process of calculating the amount of materials needed to build a project.

• mass excavation: Requirement to excavate large quantities of material at depth or over a big region.

• structural excavation: Excavation that will support structural construction, it takes materials from a small area.

• Mass excavation involves moving a large material, and the earthwork will be primary to the project

• The West Dam on the Eastside project in California involved over 68 million material.

• Mass excavations require drilling and blasting rock.

Graphically Presenting Earthwork

• Linear project distances referenced in stations
• station: Locations based on the base-100 numbering system, where the distance between two stations is 100 ft.
• "Station 1" written as 1 + 00.
• The plus sign identifies surveyor notation for laying out in the field Drawings used in contracts:
• plan view
• profile view
• cross section view
• Three views in the contract documents showcase earthwork feautures
• Plan view is a top-down view with horizontal alignment, stationing and project shown.
• Profile view is a cut view showing vertical alignment, centerline stationing, elevation, existing ground.
• Cross section view has work vertically at right sections, also displaying the fill and cut cross sections.

Cross Sections:

• Volumes from cross sections is essential to linear projects like roads
• Field measurements are at right to the project.
• Measurements happen at a regular time - 100ft station, when surface is regular. But irregular require close and point change intervals
• Cross sections show subgrade, which requires verification. Other grades like pavement need the thickness accounted for

Earthwork Quantities

• Earthwork requires volume, cuts and fills and efficient materials
• Calculations depend on the field measurements of the drawings.
• Cross-section area determination: This depends on aids and the time, most companies use software and tablets with formulas (rectangles, triangles, etc)
• Trapezoidal computations: Drawing divided and computer calculated; manual formulas do not.
• Volume calculation: average-end-area method is used to measure volume, but it can also be average end area

Stripping

• Topsoil stripping the excavation (organic matter) and it can not be embankment and it is separate to the other task

• It either wasted or plate slopes for enhanced vegetation growth.

• Small height embankments need stripping before the placement. For larger than ft allows inches of organic material

• Organic material can't be structural fill so it subtracted. Fill section it added. After its removed it is increased.

• Stripping- Upper layer of organic that required be removed.

• L is survey notation for centerline

• Net Volume. Computations comes from fill sections which are compacted - it goes in cubic yards Cuts are in natural/insitu volume, referred as bank; Table makes conversion.

Earthwork Volume Sheet

• Earthwork volume sheets help and used for programs.

Mass Diagram Notes

• Diagram is not accounted for when it comes to calculating volumes
• Mass diagram: It is earthwork calculation which is grahical and uses cut or fill along the centerline. It can also be used to measure haul.
• Diagram accounts beyond limits of the volume
• Material requirements are meet and the mass value increases.
• Material is used between stations to the centerline. The mass diagram shows the distance to be hauled.
• Earth moving operation is where materials are removed from high and put in low section. Material is used to make up while excess is wasted
• Is an essential tool for analyzing linear operations to estimate. It measured distance in terms of volume 1 cubic yard through one station yard
• The horizontal part stations, verticals is the excavation. Diagram provides
• Materials?
• Haul distance
• Equipment
• Slope Segments
• If combined, averageslope haul segments to estimate the material movement.
• Mass Diagram Properties
• Mass diagram is total to the surplus material from along the project
• EXCAVATION increases the curve, exceeding requirement between stations

Using Diagrams

Diagram used to choose the correct hauling materials

• Balance Lines

Line intersects diagram, max haul distance it economical

• Cut is used to make up
• Excavating has ascending quantities to be generated Filling is occurring between B and D
• Calculate with the mass diagram
• Project changes from excavation, ground lines crosses points. Points known are transitions points. With material being excavated the required fill is is required. Deficit comes from outside from the fill.
• **
• Balance Lines* Line intersects diagram, max haul distance it economical
• **
• Figure shows a drawn balance line to know if hauls can generated vs fill volume
• By this information for cut materials hauling and where it should be hailed for where that cut be used at
• Averaging grades to calculate. Then can to do more work
• Because lengths are on the map the equipment must be used to conform operation and its efficiacy within range
• It known as dozer ( the pushes) and then scrapers which excavate.

Average Grade: Grades will be estimated on the project. Use line cut in half to for vertical Haul distance determined to the average grade for calculations Direction which shows a profile, this indicates the material which is for the distance calculation between (1) valley to station Calculation on the test

Stripping

• Organic soil removed from the and its wasted. Small height needs be stripped. Other specifications might be there
• Volume has be subtracted from that part cannot be structure fill
• Its required by volume and add calculated
• Volume has and will need add in from lost material

Structural Excavation

• Excavating, often in the building to support retain excavation for structure.
• Haul distance process of digging into the specified place pits will be created

Wall used support Excavation depth ( which require specialized. Soil will expand to support earth by prevent its in. Soldier piles/Loggings piles that been pre drilled to control aligment with weak Timber walls will secure soil walls

Tieback

Passive functions to stable in great conditions the soils is strong Anchors to eliminate obstructions. Tieback is used well avoid in walls by been in after construction is done

Materials Calculation- ( bank is be measured)

1. Grading (contour) Existing
2. Elevations are proposed
3. The subtraction between the both
4. The squares Grid dimensions elevation can determined with this squares. Volumes to be determined by averaging by it. Calculation by software from Global positioning (GPS ) software

The Challenege

Planning for the removal that is require for make a pit . If room is the extended arms will be to used with. The loaded trucks in be used in for multi chain remove all things . The ramps in the ground

• It's to use the water (the excavation The surface will need be secured to the excavation Storms have a care be planned to control. Be be put in to dry the water and equipment Ground water be to consider to the table where there can construct and more. Size will needed on the excavation.

Pricing Earth operations

• Pricing will depends on the material that will be to taken it up by using a deposit. Its too to compute volume can be a lot. Estimating work but depends on the plans and site in. Investigation needs to make the the soils rock.

• Average moment distance to known from the method use in section can be a lot . Estimated which machine used what and described .

Spreads

• Machine used that to used to get the with the machines too.
• Achieve things like loadings hauling machines units is require with embankment.
• Referred been as to equip as what to control to productions link Used all time be be compatibile depends be with be task
• Spread: construction will have do excavating that include hauling / moving compacting with that
• Capacity is limited with individual the units have all of this.

Summarize in General

• Soils , rock is in to more used and is different by . To a point need make all make too.

• All volume needed will for volumetric

• The percentages show in the chart with curve for more standard