Construction Materials and Techniques

Footings

• Concrete distributes building weight to the soil, prevents cracking, and protects against soil and water corrosion.
• Steel reinforcement (rebar) provides strength and resists cracking under pressure.
• Waterproofing membrane prevents moisture infiltration and protects from corrosive soil elements.

Basement Floor

• Concrete provides a smooth surface, resists wear, and handles upward water pressure and uneven soil settlement.
• Steel reinforcement (rebar) increases structural strength and resists cracking.
• Waterproofing membrane keeps moisture out, protecting from water damage.
• Polyethylene vapor barrier prevents moisture from passing through the floor.
• Cementitious or epoxy coating resists soil and water corrosion.

Basement Walls

• Concrete or concrete blocks support the building, resist lateral earth pressure, and create a moisture barrier.
• Steel reinforcement (rebar) strengthens concrete and resists cracking caused by pressure and uneven settlement.
• Waterproofing membrane or coating keeps moisture out and prevents water infiltration.
• Drainage systems (e.g., French drains) manage water flow around the foundation and reduce hydrostatic pressure.
• Corrosion-resistant coatings (e.g., epoxy) protect against soil and water corrosion.

Other Floors and Ceilings

• Concrete slabs provide a durable, smooth surface that resists wear and supports loads.

Wood or Steel Beams

• Used for structural support, depending on design and need to avoid sagging.
• Plywood or concrete panels create a solid, stable surface for ceilings and floors.
• Vapor barriers or insulation control moisture and temperature.
• Finishing materials (e.g., tiles, hardwood, carpet) improve appearance and provide wear resistance.

Outside Walls

• Structural frames (wood, steel, or concrete) support floors and roof, ensuring stability.
• Concrete blocks provide support for load-bearing walls, resisting lateral wind pressure.
• Insulation (e.g., fiberglass, mineral wool, foam board) prevents heat and noise transmission.
• Exterior finishes (e.g., stucco, siding, paint) enhance appearance and offer weather protection.

Partitions

• Wood or steel studs create the structural framework for internal partitions supporting floors and roof.
• Gypsum board (drywall) provides a smooth, finishable surface and reduces noise.
• Mineral wool or fiberglass insulation reduces sound transmission between rooms.

Roof

• Roof decking (wood, plywood, or OSB) provides a surface for roofing materials, supporting snow and other loads.
• Trusses or rafters (wood or steel) provide structural framework for supporting roof weight, snow, and wind forces.

Insulation and Waterproofing

• Insulation (fiberglass, foam board, spray foam) improves thermal efficiency and prevents heat and noise transmission.
• Waterproof roofing membranes (e.g., EPDM, TPO, modified bitumen) prevent moisture leakage.
• Roofing materials (shingles, tiles) provide durability and aesthetic appeal (protective outer layer).