Consonants - Phonemic Features Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the key characteristic of the tongue's position when producing the rhotic /r/?

  • The tongue tip is curled up backwards and the sides of the tongue do not contact the roof of the mouth. (correct)
  • The tongue is hanging down and relaxed without forming any closure.
  • The tongue tip is touching the alveolar ridge with the sides in contact with the roof of the mouth.
  • The tongue is positioned high against the hard palate with a flat shape.

    • How does the American rhotic /r/ differ in traditional IPA and modified IPA used by SLPs?

  • Traditional IPA uses /r/ for the American rhotic /r/ while modified IPA uses /ɹ/.
  • They are represented the same in both traditional and modified IPA.
  • SLPs use /r̗/ for the American rhotic /r/ in their transcription.
  • Traditional IPA uses the symbols /ɹ/ while modified IPA uses /r/ for the American rhotic /r/. (correct)

    • Which of the following descriptions does NOT apply to the production of the rhotic /r/ sound?

  • The bunched position involves the tongue tip pointing down with the body positioned back.
  • The tongue must always be flat against the roof of the mouth. (correct)
  • The production of the sound generally involves narrowing of the pharynx.
  • The tongue can be retroflexed with the tip pointing toward the palate.

    • Glide consonants are sometimes known as semi-vowels. Which of the following is considered a non-phonemic glide consonant?

    <p>/ʍ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that distinguishes how an R-like sound is transcribed?

    <p>If the R-like sound functions as a vowel or a consonant based on its rhyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a manner of articulation for consonants?

    <p>Vowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a bilabial consonant?

    <p>Using both lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following consonants is voiced?

    <p>/g/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible manners of articulation are there in English?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT part of the phonemic feature description of consonants?

    <p>Intensity of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an alveolar sound?

    <p>Tongue against alveolar ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of consonants allow for air to flow out through the nose?

    <p>Nasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of glide consonants?

    <p>Always followed by a vowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a glottal consonant?

    <p>/ʔ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the velopharyngeal port in consonant production?

    <p>To close off airflow for stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the voiced stop consonants mentioned?

    <p>/b/, /d/, and /g/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the soft palate during the production of stop consonants?

    <p>It modifies the airflow in the nasal passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after the oral closure is released for voiced stop consonants?

    <p>There is a burst of sound also known as an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is voice onset time (VOT) for voiced stop consonants?

    <p>It is very short or sometimes negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the production of voiceless unaspirated stop consonants, what happens to the vocal folds?

    <p>They are partially adducted but still somewhat open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the burst created during stop closure?

    <p>It is a very short noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vocal folds after the burst is released in voiced stop consonants?

    <p>They begin to vibrate for the following vowel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In voiceless unaspirated stop consonants, when do the vocal folds begin to vibrate?

    <p>Immediately after the burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a lavaliere microphone for recording?

    <p>It keeps distance between mouth and microphone constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can complicate working with children during speech recordings?

    <p>They may not understand directions well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to save audio files as wave files rather than MP3s?

    <p>Waves provide higher audio fidelity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done at the beginning of a recording session?

    <p>State the speaker's name and the date.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system is considered best to understand before using two-way or five-way scoring?

    <p>Phonetic transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence how intelligible a speaker is during transcription?

    <p>The speaker's familiarity to the listener.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended type of microphone for recording?

    <p>Built-in microphone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue when speakers use unfamiliar dialects?

    <p>It may pose a problem for the examiner or transcriber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when aiming for spontaneous conversation in a recording?

    <p>Be casual about the presence of the recording equipment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect can impact the scoring process during transcription?

    <p>Successive judgments based on previous examples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of errors does five-way scoring specifically help to identify?

    <p>Categories of all types of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to be considered when transcribing ambiguous speech productions?

    <p>Keep a tally while making an assumption about their correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In two-way scoring, what is a common method for analyzing outcomes?

    <p>Counting the number of errors and calculating the percent correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a key aspect of connected speech transcription?

    <p>Vowel quality is less consistent and can be reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'marking' in the context of vowel/diphthong changes?

    <p>Awareness of the phonemic requirement for a consonant in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of change is less likely to be indicated in clinical transcription?

    <p>Allophones that are typically produced normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing results in transcription, what elements are typically measured?

    <p>The speaker's intended message and their actual output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cause a child to exhibit lip rounding on normally unrounded vowels?

    <p>Neuromuscular control issues involving the lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does five-way scoring allow clinicians to calculate after identifying errors?

    <p>The percent of each specific error type out of total attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a lengthened vowel in transcription?

    <p>A colon (:)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during diphthongization?

    <p>A vowel sound transitions between two vowel positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common errors are associated with fronting in stop consonant substitutions?

    <p>Replacing /k/ with /t/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes aspirated stops from unaspirated stops?

    <p>They have a burst of air upon release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically not indicated in a transcription for stops unless they stand out as unusual?

    <p>Normal allophonic variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to denasalization in speech?

    <p>Acute respiratory infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would unreleased stops commonly be perceived as deleted?

    <p>When they are in final homorganic clusters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes lateralization in speech?

    <p>Air escapes around the tongue's sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dialect advantages primarily established?

    <p>By isolation of speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome when dialects evolve over a long period due to isolation?

    <p>They may become entirely different languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to the production of vowels before voiced consonants?

    <p>They are usually longer in duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the speech error pattern where stops are replaced by fricatives?

    <p>Stopping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for children with delayed speech regarding fricatives?

    <p>They often substitute stops for voiced fricatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Consonants - Phonemic Features

    • Phonemes are produced with noticeable constriction or narrowing of the vocal tract (more constricted than vowels)
    • Most consonants involve the tongue
    • Rarely serve as the nucleus of a syllable
    • Only /i/, /m/, and /n/ can be syllabic
    • Velopharyngeal port is usually closed, except for nasals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

    Basic Phonemic Features of Consonants

    • Manner of articulation: The way in which the consonant is produced
    • Place of articulation: The location in the mouth where the major constriction occurs
    • Voicing: Whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating during phonation

    Manner of Articulation

    • Stop: Complete closure, stops airflow
    • Nasal: Allows energy to come out the nose
    • Fricative: Air flows around or through the tongue
    • Affricate: Combination between a stop and a fricative
    • Liquid:
      • Lateral: "l" sound - sound flows out sides of the tongue
      • Rhotic: "r" sound - pulls the tip of the tongue back
    • Glide: Tongue moves from one position to the next quickly - always followed by a vowel

    Place of Articulation

    • Bilabial: Using both lips
    • Labiodental: Teeth and lips
    • Dental: Tongue against or through teeth
    • Alveolar: Tongue against alveolar ridge
    • Post-alveolar: (sometimes used by linguists, not SLPS)
    • Palatal: Tongue approaching hard palate
    • Palatal-velar (velar): Constriction somewhere between hard and soft palate
    • Glottal: Sounds involving constricting or closing the glottis

    Voicing

    • Whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating during production
    • Voiced: Vocal folds vibrating
    • Voiceless: No vocal fold vibration

    Using Phonemic Features to Describe Consonants

    • All consonants can be defined by manner, place, and voicing (in that order)

    Examples

    • /p/: stop, bilabial, voiceless
    • /s/: fricative, alveolar, voiceless
    • /j/: glide, palatal, voiced

    Stop Consonants

    • /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ are the phonemic stops
    • /ʔ/ is a glottal stop

    Fricative Consonants

    • /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/ (all are phonemic)

    Sibilants

    • /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ are the most intense fricatives
    • /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /h/ are the least intense fricatives

    Nasal Consonants

    • /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ (phonemic)

    Liquid Consonants

    • /l/, /r/ (phonemic)

    Glide Consonants

    • /j/, /w/ (phonemic)

    Affricate Consonants

    • /tʃ/, /dʒ/ (phonemic)

    Additional Manner Terms

    • Obstruents (stops, fricatives, and affricates): Consonants with complete or very narrow constriction of the vocal tract
    • Sonorants: Consonants with relatively less constriction of the vocal tract than obstruents but more than vowels. (liquids, glides, and nasals)
    • Approximants: Liquids and glides

    Place of Articulation (Bilabials)

    • /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/, /м/ (bilabial consonants)

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    Description

    This quiz explores the key phonemic features of consonants, including their manner and place of articulation. Learn how consonants are produced, their characteristics, and the role of voicing in phonetics. Ideal for students of linguistics or phonetics.

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