Conservation and Genetics Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of these accurately describes the difference between in-situ and ex-situ conservation?

  • In-situ conservation aims to decrease genetic diversity, while ex-situ conservation aims to increase genetic diversity.
  • In-situ conservation focuses on preserving species in their natural habitats, while ex-situ conservation involves protecting species in controlled environments. (correct)
  • In-situ conservation is only applicable to plants, while ex-situ conservation is applicable to both plants and animals.
  • In-situ conservation typically involves captive breeding programs, while ex-situ conservation focuses on habitat restoration.

    • A researcher discovers a new type of flower with a unique petal color. What type of chemical is primarily responsible for the petal's color?

  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins (correct)

    • What process is responsible for creating gametes (sperm and egg) with half the chromosome number?

  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • DNA replication
  • Protein synthesis

    • A farmer observes that his tomato plants produce a variety of tomato sizes. This variation is likely due to:

    <p>The presence of different alleles for tomato size within the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately illustrates the process of crossing-over during meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes align and exchange genetic information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A scientist is studying a population of bacteria that are resistant to a specific antibiotic. What is the most likely cause for this resistance?

    <p>The antibiotic has selected for bacteria that already possess genes for resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes are composed of DNA, carrying genetic information within their structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

    <p>The breeding of dogs to produce specific characteristics, such as size or coat color. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of recessive inheritance?

    <p>A trait requires two recessive alleles to be expressed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes natural selection?

    <p>It optimizes organisms for existing environments through survival and reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cloning specifically result in?

    <p>Genetically identical organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does incomplete dominance differ from dominant inheritance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance produces a phenotype that is a mix of the parents' traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to predict genetic outcomes of a monohybrid cross?

    <p>Employing a Punnett square. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk associated with overspecialization in species?

    <p>They may face increased vulnerability to environmental changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what distinguishes a manipulated variable from a responding variable?

    <p>The manipulated variable is what is changed, whereas the responding variable is affected by that change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main contributions of artificial selection to biological diversity?

    <p>It decreases genetic variation within a species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    In-situ Conservation

    Protecting species in their natural habitats, like national parks.

    Ex-situ Conservation

    Conservation of species outside their natural habitats, such as in zoos.

    DNA Structure

    DNA is composed of nucleotides and forms a double helix structure.

    Chromosomes

    Structures made of DNA carrying genetic information; humans have 46 in body cells.

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    Alleles

    Different versions of a gene that determine traits, like eye color.

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    Mitosis

    Cell division producing two identical daughter cells, same chromosome count.

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    Meiosis

    Cell division that produces gametes with half chromosomes; ensures genetic diversity.

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    Natural vs. Artificial Selection

    Natural: survival of the fittest; Artificial: humans breed for desired traits.

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    Dominant Inheritance

    A trait is expressed with one dominant allele (e.g., brown eyes).

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    Recessive Inheritance

    A trait is expressed only with two recessive alleles (e.g., blue eyes).

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    Incomplete Dominance

    Both alleles blend traits, producing an intermediate phenotype (e.g., pink flowers).

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    Natural Selection

    Nature selects organisms with traits enhancing survival and reproduction.

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    Artificial Selection

    Humans select organisms with desired traits for reproduction.

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    Overspecialization

    Species become highly specialized, risking vulnerability to environmental changes.

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    Cloning

    Creating genetically identical organisms, like Dolly the sheep.

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    Punnett Squares

    A tool predicting genetic outcomes from crosses between organisms.

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    Study Notes

    In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation

    • In-situ Conservation: Protecting species in their natural habitats
    • Examples include national parks, wildlife reserves, and protected areas.
    • Benefits include preservation of ecosystems, natural behaviors, and evolutionary processes.
    • Ex-situ Conservation: Protecting species outside their natural habitats
    • Examples include zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and seed banks.
    • Benefits include helping endangered species and preserving genetic diversity.

    DNA

    • Location: Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, also in mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA) and chloroplasts (plant cells).
    • Chemicals: Composed of nucleotides (Adenine [A], Thymine [T], Cytosine [C], Guanine [G]).
    • Structure: Forms a double helix.
    • Function: The hereditary material, carrying genetic instructions, which code for proteins and determine characteristics.

    Chromosomes

    • Structure: Structures of DNA carrying genetic information.
    • Number in Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in body cells, 23 in gametes (sperm and egg).
    • Role: Carry genes, ensuring accurate genetic transmission during mitosis and meiosis.

    Alleles

    • Definition: Different versions of a gene that determine traits.
    • Types:
      • Dominant Allele: Expressed even if only one copy is present.
      • Recessive Allele: Expressed only when two copies are present.

    Mitosis and Meiosis

    • Mitosis: Cell division producing two identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number.
    • Purpose: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
    • Meiosis: Cell division producing gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes.
    • Purpose: Ensures genetic diversity by crossing-over and independent assortment, creating 4 non-identical cells through two rounds of division.

    Breeding

    • Definition: Mating organisms to produce offspring.
    • Types:
      • Natural Selection: Organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
      • Artificial Selection: Humans selectively breed organisms for specific traits.

    Dominant, Recessive, and Incomplete Dominance

    • Dominant Inheritance: A trait expressed when at least one dominant allele is present.
    • Recessive Inheritance: A trait expressed only when two recessive alleles are present.
    • Incomplete Dominance: Traits blend, creating an intermediate phenotype from both alleles.

    Natural and Artificial Selection

    • Natural Selection: Nature selects organisms with favorable traits for survival and reproduction, leading to evolution.
    • Artificial Selection: Humans select organisms with desired traits to reproduce.

    Overspecialization

    • Definition: Species highly specialized for a specific environment or niche.
    • Risk: Vulnerable to environmental changes, leading to endangerment or extinction.

    Cloning and Genetic Engineering

    • Cloning: Creating genetically identical organisms.
    • Genetic Engineering: Modifying an organism's DNA to achieve desired traits, e.g., GMOs, gene therapy.

    Punnett Squares

    • Purpose: Predicting genetic outcomes of crosses between two organisms.
    • Types: Monohybrid (one trait) and Dihybrid crosses (two traits).
    • Process: Determining parental genotypes, creating a grid, filling it to show offspring genotypes.

    Additional Concepts

    • Biological Diversity: Ecosystem, community, and genetic diversity, emphasizing its importance for ecosystem health.
    • Heritable Traits: Discrete versus continuous variations, and environmental influences.
    • Human Activity's Impact: Habitat destruction, pollution, and extinction, alongside restoration efforts.
    • Understanding Graphs: Interpreting data on species diversity, inheritance patterns, or population growth.
    • Variables: Manipulated, responding, and control variables in experiments.
    • Problem Solving: Applying knowledge to solve problems about genetic inheritance and biological diversity.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies, alongside fundamental information about DNA and chromosomes. Learn about the importance of preserving biodiversity and the genetic makeup of living organisms. Test your knowledge on these crucial biological topics.

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