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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
During indirect ossification, what is the first event that occurs?
During indirect ossification, what is the first event that occurs?
How does calcitonin affect osteoclast activity?
How does calcitonin affect osteoclast activity?
Which process describes the fusion of ossification centers to form spongy bone?
Which process describes the fusion of ossification centers to form spongy bone?
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What structural change occurs in long bones as they grow in length?
What structural change occurs in long bones as they grow in length?
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What primarily constitutes the structural integrity of an osteon?
What primarily constitutes the structural integrity of an osteon?
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Which of the following correctly describes the fate of osteoblasts after matrix formation?
Which of the following correctly describes the fate of osteoblasts after matrix formation?
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What is the significance of osteocytes in bone physiology?
What is the significance of osteocytes in bone physiology?
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What characterizes the composition of spongy bone compared to compact bone?
What characterizes the composition of spongy bone compared to compact bone?
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What is the role of osteoprogenitor cells in bone tissue?
What is the role of osteoprogenitor cells in bone tissue?
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Which statement correctly describes the composition of red blood cells?
Which statement correctly describes the composition of red blood cells?
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What is the role of the Rhesus (Rh) antigen in blood classification?
What is the role of the Rhesus (Rh) antigen in blood classification?
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Which of the following accurately describes the differences between granular and agranular white blood cells?
Which of the following accurately describes the differences between granular and agranular white blood cells?
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What is the significant consequence of homozygosity in sickle-cell anemia?
What is the significant consequence of homozygosity in sickle-cell anemia?
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How do white blood cells migrate to sites of infection?
How do white blood cells migrate to sites of infection?
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Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is unique for not containing any sulphate?
Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is unique for not containing any sulphate?
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What is the primary role of fibronectin in connective tissue?
What is the primary role of fibronectin in connective tissue?
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Which function is NOT associated with connective tissue proper?
Which function is NOT associated with connective tissue proper?
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Matrix Metalloproteinases are activated by which of the following elements?
Matrix Metalloproteinases are activated by which of the following elements?
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Which type of connective tissue is characterized as loose and amorphous, found in specific anatomical locations like the umbilical cord?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized as loose and amorphous, found in specific anatomical locations like the umbilical cord?
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Study Notes
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue is composed of various cells derived from mesodermal origin
- Three types: connective tissue proper (mucous, loose, dense, adipose), supportive connective tissue (cartilage, bone), and liquid connective tissue (blood, lymphoid)
- Components include cells, fibers, and an extracellular matrix (ECM)
- ECM is made of fibrillary components (collagen, reticular, elastic fibers) and ground substance (water, electrolytes, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, enzymes)
Connective Tissue Cells
- Fibroblasts are the main cells, responsible for synthesizing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, and ECM carbohydrates
- Macrophages (histiocytes) originate from bone marrow or circulating monocytes. They have a defense function, phagocytosing microbes, damaged cells, and debris. They present antigens and secrete cytokines, enzymes, and are involved in tissue healing and development.
Fibroblast Types
- Type I: Common in skin, bone, tendon, cornea
- Type II: Cartilage
- Type III: Reticular fibers, loose connective tissue, blood vessel walls, dermis
- Type IV: Basal lamina of epithelium, kidney glomeruli
Other Connective Tissue Cells
- Mast cells: Derived from bone marrow, mediate inflammation, hypersensitivity, and allergies.
- Leukocytes: (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) enter connective tissue from blood
- Plasma cells: Produce antibodies by B lymphocytes, have a short lifespan (2-4 weeks)
- Adipocytes: Nucleus and thin cytoplasm are displaced peripherally, due to fat accumulation.
Fibrous Components
- Collagen: Most abundant, high tensile strength, resisting mechanical stress
- Reticular fibers: Branched, provide a supporting network, found in various organs
- Elastic fibers: Branched, allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- ECM provides scaffolding, support, and binding for tissues and organs
- Involved in transport of metabolites
- Involved in tissue repair
Ground Substance
- Contains proteoglycans (core proteins+glycosaminoglycans (GAGs))
- GAGs are hydrated molecules, viscous and shock-absorbent
- Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparin sulfate, keratan sulfate
- Fibronectin and laminin: Multiadhesive glycoproteins
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
- Involved in the degradation of ECM components in physiological (morphogenesis, wound healing), pathological (inflammation, atherosclerosis, tumor invasion, fibrogenesis) conditions.
Connective Tissue Propper Types
- Mucous: (Warthon's jelly): Loose, amorphous, found in umbilical cord, aqueous humor, dental pulp
- Loose: (Areolar): Less fibers, viscous, gel-like, contains capillary beds, site for immune and inflammatory reactions, found in lamina propria, submucosa of hollow organs, and tunica intima of blood vessels.
- Dense regular: Fibers run in parallel (tendons, ligaments), or orthogonal (cornea). High resistance to stress
- Dense irregular: Randomly arranged fibers, surrounding organs
Adipose Tissue
- Unilocular (white): Energy storage, insulation, in adults
- Multilocular (brown): Heat production, in children and hibernating animals
Cartilage
- Composed of cells (chondroblasts/chondrocytes) and ECM
- Types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
- Functions: Supporting skeletal structures, framework for respiratory system, smooth surface for joint movement
Bone Tissue
- Supports the body, protects organs, provides leverage for muscle action, stores calcium and phosphorus
- The ECM is strongly mineralized
- Types: long bones, flat bones, short bones
- Composed of osteocytes, and ECM containing calcium phosphate crystals and collagen fibers
Blood
- Delivers oxygen, removes wastes, regulates temperature, pH, and fluid volume.
- Transports nutrients, hormones, and antibodies
- Contains plasma (55%): Mostly water, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances, waste products
- Contains formed elements (45%): Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
Lymphatic System
- One-way vessel system (tissues to heart)
- Lymph transports fluid from tissues back to blood
- Lymph nodes filter lymph, communicate and process information
- Cells within lymph nodes include: macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells
- Includes: spleen, thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells.
Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes: Transport oxygen, lack a nucleus
- Leukocytes: Fight infection, various types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
- Thrombocytes (Platelets): Involved in blood clotting
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Description
Explore the intricate world of connective tissues in this quiz. Learn about the different types of connective tissue, their components, and the essential cells involved in their functions. Test your knowledge on fibroblasts, macrophages, and the extracellular matrix.
