Connective Tissue Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of connective tissue?

  • Transport of blood
  • Direct regulation of muscle contraction (correct)
  • Attachment of organs
  • Immune function

What embryonic tissue is the origin of all connective tissues?

  • Endoderm
  • Neuroderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm (correct)

What are the three main structural elements that make up connective tissues?

  • Organs, tissues, and cells
  • Blood vessels, nerves, and collagen
  • Cells, fibers, and ground substance (correct)
  • Epithelial cells, muscle fibers, and neurons

Which type of connective tissue cell is MOST responsible for synthesizing collagen and elastin?

<p>Fibroblast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active fibroblasts are targets of many families of proteins called _______ factors that influence cell growth and differentiation.

<p>Growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic primarily distinguishes dense regular connective tissue from dense irregular connective tissue?

<p>The random arrangement of collagen fibers versus a parallel alignment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tendons and ligaments are primarily composed of which type of connective tissue, enabling them to withstand strong forces in a single direction?

<p>Dense regular connective tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is predominantly found in the deep dermis layer of skin and capsules surrounding organs, providing resistance to stress from multiple directions?

<p>Dense irregular connective tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mesenchyme gives rise to what?

<p>Both connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibroblasts in dense regular connective tissue?

<p>To produce and maintain collagen fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by sparse collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and a gelatinous matrix, similar to that found in the vitreous chambers of eyes?

<p>Mucoid Connective Tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adipose tissue is primarily responsible for what function in the body?

<p>Long-term energy storage and regulation of energy metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adipocytes contribute to the thermal regulation of the body?

<p>By providing thermal insulation due to poor heat conduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives brown adipose tissue its characteristic color and contributes to its primary function?

<p>Numerous mitochondria and capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) or thermogenin, found in brown adipose tissue?

<p>To increase heat production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate fate of adipocytes?

<p>Adipocytes do not undergo cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of leptin, a hormone released by white adipose tissue?

<p>Regulating appetite and the formation of new adipose tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pathologist is examining a tissue sample under a microscope and observes cells with a signet-ring appearance. Which tissue type is the pathologist most likely observing?

<p>White adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of adipose connective tissue?

<p>Facilitating the transport of oxygen to tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activated macrophages may fuse to form what type of cells?

<p>Multinuclear giant cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary role of mast cells in connective tissue?

<p>Acting as sentinels detecting invasion by microorganisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma cells are derived from which type of cell?

<p>B lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of leukocytes when they migrate from blood vessels into connective tissue?

<p>To initiate and mediate inflammatory responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant protein in the human body, providing tensile strength to connective tissues?

<p>Collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in collagen synthesis?

<p>It is a cofactor for hydroxylase enzymes needed for proline and lysine modification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of elastin in tissues?

<p>Allowing tissues to stretch and return to their original shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is unique to reticular fibers that allows them to be easily stained with silver salts?

<p>Type III collagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ground substance play in connective tissue, besides filling the space between cells and fibers?

<p>It enables diffusion of nutrients and gases between cells and blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ground substance of connective tissue?

<p>To attract water and provide cushioning due to their negative charge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY function of multiadhesive glycoproteins, such as fibronectin and laminin, in the connective tissue?

<p>To promote adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The balance of which two main forces primarily regulates water movement in capillaries, affecting interstitial fluid volume?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes dense regular connective tissue from dense irregular connective tissue?

<p>The arrangement of collagen fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by having cells, fibers, and ground substance in roughly equal parts, providing flexibility but limited resistance to stress?

<p>Loose (areolar) connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports and connects other tissues and cells in the body.

Mesenchyme

Embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues originate.

Fibroblasts

Most common cells in connective tissue; they produce and maintain extracellular components.

Fixed vs Wandering Cells

Fixed cells (like fibroblasts) stay in place; wandering cells (like macrophages) move around.

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A network of proteins and substances that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A type of dense connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged randomly, providing stress resistance from all directions.

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Consists mostly of parallel type I collagen fibers, resilient to stress from the same direction, found in tendons and ligaments.

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Loose Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue that is less dense and supports organs; characterized by a gel-like matrix.

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Embryonic Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue that includes mesenchyme, responsible for differentiating into various adult tissues.

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Wharton's Jelly

Mucoid connective tissue found in the umbilical cord; rich in ground substance and few fibers.

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Mucoid Connective Tissue

Principal component of the fetal umbilical cord known as Wharton’s jelly, featuring hyaluronan and sparse collagen.

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Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue made of fat-storing cells (adipocytes) that store triglycerides and regulate metabolism.

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White Adipose Tissue

Type of adipose tissue specialized for long-term energy storage with a unilocular appearance.

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Brown Adipose Tissue

Type of adipose tissue found in newborns, specialized for heat production and thermogenesis.

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Leptin

Hormone released by adipocytes that regulates appetite and the formation of new adipose tissue.

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Adipocyte Characteristics

Fat cells that do not divide but are metabolically active, releasing hormones and insulating the body.

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Thermogenesis

The process of heat production in organisms, primarily occurring in brown adipose tissue via UCP1.

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Multilocular vs Unilocular

Types of adipocytes where multilocular cells are in brown adipose tissue and unilocular are in white adipose tissue.

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Adipocytes

Fat cells that store lipids and produce heat, cushioning skin and organs.

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Macrophages

Phagocytic cells that engulf dead cells and debris, key in inflammation.

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Mast Cells

Cells that release substances like histamine during allergic reactions.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

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Plasma Cells

Activated B cells that produce antibodies.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in inflammation and immune response.

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Inflammation

Body's response characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function.

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Collagen

Strong protein providing tensile strength, most abundant in the body.

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Elastic Fibers

Flexible fibers allowing tissues to stretch and return to shape.

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Long polymers involved in hydration and lubrication of tissues.

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Proteoglycans

Core proteins attached to GAGs, important in connective tissue structure.

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Ground Substance

Hydrated mixture filling spaces in connective tissue, enabling nutrient diffusion.

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Dense Connective Tissue

Tissue with high collagen density, providing structural strength.

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Reticular Fibers

Collagen type III fibers that form a supportive mesh in organs.

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Study Notes

Connective Tissue Overview

  • Connective tissue forms the framework of the body, connecting and supporting other tissues and organs.
  • It's the most abundant tissue type in humans.
  • Connective tissue helps to support cells and provides metabolic support through interstitial fluid.
  • It has three key structural elements: cells, fibers, and ground substance.

Cells of Connective Tissue

  • Fixed cells include fibroblasts (synthesize and secrete collagen and elastin), fibrocytes (inactive form of fibroblasts), and adipocytes (fat cells).
  • Wandering cells include macrophages (phagocytic cells), mast cells (release substances in response to allergens and injuries), plasma cells (antibody-producing cells), and leukocytes (white blood cells).

Fibers of Connective Tissue

  • Collagen fibers are the most abundant protein in the body, providing tensile strength and resistance to stress.
  • Elastic fibers allow for stretching and recoil.
  • Reticular fibers provide support in delicate connective tissues.

Ground Substance of Connective Tissue

  • Ground substance is a complex mixture of water, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
  • It enables diffusion of nutrients and gases between cells and blood vessels.

Types of Connective Tissue

  • Connective tissue proper can be loose (areolar) or dense (irregular or regular).
  • Loose connective tissue is flexible and found beneath the skin, supporting structures and filling spaces.
  • Dense irregular connective tissue provides strength in all directions and is found in the skin and around organs.
  • Dense regular connective tissue resists stress in one direction and is found in tendons and ligaments.
  • Embryonic connective tissues include mesenchyme, which is the precursor to most other connective tissues, and mucoid connective tissue, commonly found in the umbilical cord.
  • Adipose tissue stores energy and cushions organs.
  • Brown adipose tissue has high mitochondrial density and is vital for heat production in newborns.
  • White adipose tissue contains a large lipid droplet, specializes in long-term energy storage, and plays a role in appetite regulation.

Inflammatory Signs

  • Inflammation is characterized by the cardinal signs: redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).
  • Chemotaxis is also a key component of inflammation.

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