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Questions and Answers
What is the first major system to function in the embryo?
What is the first major system to function in the embryo?
- Nervous system
- Respiratory system
- Cardiovascular system (correct)
- Endocrine system
Which structure grows faster and bends upon itself, forming a U-shaped bulboventricular loop during early heart development?
Which structure grows faster and bends upon itself, forming a U-shaped bulboventricular loop during early heart development?
- Pulmonary artery
- Sinus venosus
- Aorta
- Bulbus cordis (correct)
What forms from the splanchnic mesoderm during heart development?
What forms from the splanchnic mesoderm during heart development?
- Endocardium
- Myocardium (correct)
- Epicardium
- Pericardium
Which structure receives the paired veins in the developing heart?
Which structure receives the paired veins in the developing heart?
When do the paired angioblastic cords appear in the mesoderm during heart development?
When do the paired angioblastic cords appear in the mesoderm during heart development?
At what day does the heart begin to beat during early embryonic development?
At what day does the heart begin to beat during early embryonic development?
In Persistent Truncus Arteriosus, what is a common associated heart defect?
In Persistent Truncus Arteriosus, what is a common associated heart defect?
What happens in Transposition of the Great Vessels?
What happens in Transposition of the Great Vessels?
Which structure forms part of the new wall of the right atrium during Intra-atrial Septum Formation?
Which structure forms part of the new wall of the right atrium during Intra-atrial Septum Formation?
What is the result of fusion of the outflow tract cushions?
What is the result of fusion of the outflow tract cushions?
What happens when there is Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?
What happens when there is Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?
Which condition involves the failure of the conotruncal septum to spiral correctly?
Which condition involves the failure of the conotruncal septum to spiral correctly?
What is the structure that grows from the roof of the atrium into the lumen, eventually forming the ostium primum?
What is the structure that grows from the roof of the atrium into the lumen, eventually forming the ostium primum?
What is the most common type of atrial septal defect (ASD) that occurs in about 70% of cases?
What is the most common type of atrial septal defect (ASD) that occurs in about 70% of cases?
What happens if the septum primum fails to close the ostium primum?
What happens if the septum primum fails to close the ostium primum?
Which structure is responsible for closing the interventricular foramen in the heart?
Which structure is responsible for closing the interventricular foramen in the heart?
What leads to left-to-right shunting of blood in atrial septal defects?
What leads to left-to-right shunting of blood in atrial septal defects?
What is the primary cause of ostium secundum defects in atrial septal defects?
What is the primary cause of ostium secundum defects in atrial septal defects?
What is the mechanism of closure for the ductus arteriosus postnatally?
What is the mechanism of closure for the ductus arteriosus postnatally?
In which direction does blood flow in a case of Tetralogy of Fallot?
In which direction does blood flow in a case of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is the role of the ligamentum arteriosum in the cardiovascular system?
What is the role of the ligamentum arteriosum in the cardiovascular system?
What is a characteristic 'machine-like' murmur associated with?
What is a characteristic 'machine-like' murmur associated with?
Which condition leads to reduced blood flow to the pulmonary circulation?
Which condition leads to reduced blood flow to the pulmonary circulation?
What is the cause of raised pressure in the right interventricular region?
What is the cause of raised pressure in the right interventricular region?
What is the correct order of structures as blood flows through the heart during the pattern of circulation described?
What is the correct order of structures as blood flows through the heart during the pattern of circulation described?
Which structure in the heart tube develops two horns around the time when the atrium and sinus venosus end up behind the bulbus cordis?
Which structure in the heart tube develops two horns around the time when the atrium and sinus venosus end up behind the bulbus cordis?
Which arteries coalesce to form the aorta and other major vessels during development?
Which arteries coalesce to form the aorta and other major vessels during development?
In the process of truncus septation, through which vessel does blood exit from the left ventricle of the heart?
In the process of truncus septation, through which vessel does blood exit from the left ventricle of the heart?
Which event occurs around the 4th week of heart development?
Which event occurs around the 4th week of heart development?
What is the correct sequence of structures from above down as per heart tube elongation and dilatation?
What is the correct sequence of structures from above down as per heart tube elongation and dilatation?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Heart Development
- The heart is the first major organ to function in the embryo, starting the circulatory process.
- The bulboventricular loop forms as the heart tube grows rapidly and bends, creating a U-shaped structure.
- The splanchnic mesoderm develops into the heart structure during embryonic heart development.
Veins and Arterial Structures
- The sinus venosus receives the paired veins during the early stages of heart development.
- Paired angioblastic cords appear in the mesoderm during the third week of gestation.
Heart Functionality Timeline
- The heart begins to beat around day 22 of early embryonic development.
Congenital Heart Defects
- In Persistent Truncus Arteriosus, a common associated defect is ventricular septal defect (VSD).
- Transposition of the Great Vessels results in aorta and pulmonary artery switching positions, leading to inadequate oxygenation.
- The septum primum and the septum secundum contribute to the formation of the intra-atrial septum.
Septal Defects and Closure Mechanisms
- Atrial septal defect (ASD), most commonly the ostium secundum type, accounts for about 70% of cases.
- If the septum primum does not close properly, an ostium primum defect may occur.
- The interventricular foramen is closed by the fusion of the outflow tract cushions during development.
Directional Blood Flow and Shunting
- Atrial septal defects can lead to left-to-right shunting of blood due to pressure differences between the chambers.
- Ostium secundum defects primarily arise from excessive resorption of the septum primum.
- Postnatally, the ductus arteriosus closes through a process involving vasoconstriction and fibrous tissue formation, forming the ligamentum arteriosum.
Clinical Presentation and Murmurs
- Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by right-to-left blood flow, causing cyanosis.
- A characteristic 'machine-like' murmur is often associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
- Conditions like Pulmonary Stenosis can lead to reduced blood flow in the pulmonary circulation.
Pressure Dynamics and Heart Structure
- Raised pressure in the right ventricular region often relates to outflow obstruction.
- Blood flow through the heart follows a specific order: right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.
- The heart tube elongates and dilates during development, with the atrium and sinus venosus positioned posteriorly to the bulbus cordis, forming two horns.
Major Vessels and Truncus Septation
- The aorta and major vessels form from the coalescence of the sixth aortic arches during embryonic development.
- Blood exits the left ventricle through the aorta during truncus septation.
Developmental Timeline and Structural Sequences
- Key events during the 4th week of heart development include the refinement of the heart structure and initiation of septation.
- The sequence of structures from above down during heart tube elongation includes the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, ventricles, and atria.
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